IAP Specialty Series on Pediatric Cardiology R Krishna Kumar, Shakuntala S Prabhu, M Zulfikar Ahamed, Shreepal Jain
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdomen 186, 486
ultrasound scan of 254
Abdominojugular test 45
Abernethy malformation 256f, 259, 340
Aberrant brachiocephalic artery 381f
Aberrant left brachiocephalic artery 378
Aberrant left subclavian artery 371, 374, 376, 382, 384
Aberrant right subclavian artery 374, 379, 382, 382f
Abiotrophia 491
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome 87, 215
Accelerated atherosclerosis 535
Accessory bypass tracts 399
Acetaminophen 653
Acetylsalicylic acid 535
Acid phosphatase 666
Acidosis 32, 124, 589
Acquired heart disease 34, 33
echocardiography in 106
Acquired hypothyroidism 678
Acrocyanosis 577
Activated partial thromboplastin time 256, 620
Acute bacterial infections 608
Acute glomerulonephritis 594
Acute hypervolemia 594
Acute hypovolemia 594
Acute intermittent porphyria 608
Acute kidney injury progression, prevention of 180
Acute myocarditis 521
Acute pericarditis 557, 558f
clinical diagnostic criteria for 559t
Acute pulmonary
edema 35
hypertensive crisis 178
Acute renal failure, causes of 594
Acute rheumatic
carditis 501
fever 494-500f, 503t
Acute viral infections 608
Acute-onset atrioventricular block 488
Acyanotic heart diseases, common 211
Adenosine 76, 146
administration, effect of 632t
deaminase 562
monophosphate 147
triphosphate 163
Adrenaline 160, 548
Advanced cardiac imaging 117, 243
Aerobic metabolism 71, 172
Aggregatibacter actinomycetem comitans 483
Airway
and breathing 166, 168
resistance 179
Alagille syndrome 393, 608
Alanine
aminotransaminase 666
aminotransferase 537, 603
Alcohol 608, 653
Aldactone 246
Aldosterone 29
antagonists 246
Alteplase 155
Alternative drug therapy 488, 489, 490
Alveolar-capillary membrane 244
Ambrisentan 150, 151, 258
Ambulatory arterial stiffness index 595
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 367, 592, 593t, 595
American Academy of Pediatrics 591, 614
American College of Cardiology 648
American College of Rheumatology for Classification of Takayasu Arteritis 671t
American Heart Association 492, 531, 543, 614, 648
Amiloride 598
Amiodarone 142, 143, 155, 158, 653
Amlodipine 598
Amoxicillin 158, 474
Amplatzer duct occluder device 310f
Amylase 669
Amyloidosis 554
Anal atresia 566
Analgesia 181
Anaphylaxis 156
Ancylostoma duodenale 676
Anemia 124, 238, 253
correction of 414
Aneuploidies 658
Angina 162
Angiography 130, 297, 347, 413, 421
Angiotensin 466
converting enzyme inhibitors 113, 153, 239, 246, 300, 310, 318, 326, 424, 453, 466, 547, 548, 652, 667
receptor blockers 247, 598
Animal heart valves 481
Anomalous left coronary artery 37, 73, 236f, 237, 268, 347f
Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 84
Anorexia 152
nervosa 608
Antegrade conduction 67
Anterior bridging leaflet 326
Anterior descending artery 349
Anterior leaflet 398
Anterior mitral valve leaflet 510f
Antiarrhythmic medication, classification of 139t
Antibiotic therapy 488, 489, 490
Anticoagulation 649, 654
Anti-fibrotic therapy 548
Antihypertensive 654
Antimicrobial resistance 184
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 596
Antinuclear antibody 256, 596, 669
Antioxidants 536
Antiplatelet
agents 158
medications 654
Antiretroviral agents, select 608
Antistreptococcal antibodies 501
Antistreptolysin O 534
Antithrombotic agents 155
Aorta 14, 15f, 49, 87, 95, 104f, 115, 115f, 214, 216, 223, 298-300, 315, 325, 367, 373, 387, 395, 406, 413, 440, 446, 450, 459, 471, 485, 547
arch of 372
ascending 15, 86, 124
coarctation of 56, 86, 87f, 131, 195, 196f, 219, 239, 277
descending 124
dilated 137
interruption of 419
severe coarctation of 207
Aortic angiograms 131
Aortic arch 20, 363f, 380, 381, 383f
applied anatomy of 371
double 83
interrupted 275, 361, 362, 362f, 367f
normal embryology of 372f
obstruction 361, 369, 459
treatment of 368
right-sided 374
sidedness 83
Aortic atresia 424
Aortic dissection 36
Aortic intima media thickness 603
Aortic knob 308
Aortic leaflet 14
Aortic pressure, ascending 128f
Aortic regurgitation 317, 353, 513, 515f
severe 36, 313, 448, 514t
symptoms of 514b
Aortic root 15
congenital anomalies of 319
Aortic shunts 313
Aortic stenosis 116, 237, 277, 318, 353, 359, 571, 577, 665
grading severity of 357, 357t
severe 36, 193
Aortic valve 27, 111, 193, 353, 515f
balloon dilatation of 548f
dilatation 193
regurgitation 294
Aorto-left ventricular tunnel 318, 319
Aortomitral continuity 98f
Aortopulmonary collateral artery 132, 166, 275
Aortopulmonary septum 20
Aortopulmonary window 85, 131, 214, 255, 272, 313, 315, 424
Mori's classification of 313f
Apex, abnormal 46
Apical trabecular portion 14
Apnea hypopnea index 603
Apoptosis 682
Arachnodactyly 672
Arch
interruption 366
type B 37
obstruction 365
Arginine vasopressin hormone 239
Array comparative genome hybridization 657
Arrhythmias 30, 33, 110, 112, 124, 146, 162, 168, 173, 401, 402, 543, 587, 623, 635, 649
drug-resistant 142
echocardiography in 107
genesis 31
postoperative 176
supraventricular 144
Arterial blood
gas 243
pressure 170, 171
Arterial duct 238
Arterial lesions 372
Arterial oxygen content 26
Arterial pressure 125, 171f
Arterial pulse 40
Arterial switch
operation 216, 344, 433, 433f
results of 433
procedure 453
Arterial system, development of 21f
Arterial thrombosis 156
Arterial trunks 15
Arteriovenous fistulas 573
Arteriovenous malformation 41
Artery, left anterior descending 222
Artificial intelligence 58
Ascaris lumbricoides 676
Ascending aorta 332, 338, 412f
Ascites 221
Ash-leaf macules 41
Aspartate
aminotransferase 537, 603
transaminase 666
Aspirin 158, 653
Asplenia 329, 336
Atelectasis 91
Atenolol 136, 137, 598, 672
Atherogenic atherosclerosis 603
Atherogenic dyslipidemia 603
Atherosclerosis, pathobiological determinants of 610
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 602, 610
Atorvastatin 610
Atria 469
Atrial appendages 469
Atrial arrhythmias 333
Atrial baroreceptor reflex 25
Atrial chambers 12f
Atrial ectopic tachycardia 176
Atrial fibrillation 588
Atrial pressure 28f
Atrial septal defect 35, 85f, 91f, 104, 190, 211, 235, 268, 277, 283, 286f-288f, 313, 323, 332f, 388, 400, 412, 419, 441, 571, 648, 659, 664, 673
electrocardiogram of 284f
hemodynamics of 282
large 84f
physiology of 282
small 6
types of 211f, 281, 281f, 286, 287f
Atrial septostomy 258
procedures 190
Atrial septum 19
development of 20f
embryogenesis of 281f
Atrial situs 95
solitus 96f
Atrial switch procedure 432, 432f
results of 432
Atrial systole produces 27
Atrial tachycardia 625f, 632f
Atrialized right ventricle 399, 400, 403
Atrioventricular block 589, 641f
Atrioventricular bundle 17
Atrioventricular bypass tracts 587
Atrioventricular canal defect 19, 329
Atrioventricular conduction 135, 449
Atrioventricular dyssynchrony 249
Atrioventricular junction 19, 321f, 469, 471
Atrioventricular node 17, 140, 623f
Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia 140
Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia 623, 625f
Atrioventricular septal defect 63, 84, 131, 213, 213f, 231, 268, 320-326, 327f, 392, 411, 438, 441f, 568, 573, 664, 665
partial 324
types of 321
Atrioventricular septum 13
deficiency of 320
Atrioventricular valve 98f, 125, 269, 326f, 398, 459
development of 19
regurgitation, influence of 323
Atriums 471
development of 19
Austin Flint murmur 515t
Australian single-patch technique 327
Autonomic nervous system 29
Axillary thoracotomy 210f
Azithromycin 653
Azygos fissure 340
Azygos-hemiazygos system 339
anomalies of 340
B
Bacillus calmette-guérin 531, 532f, 533f
Bacteremia 484
Bacteria 484
Bacterial endocarditis 273
Bacterial sore throat 505f
Balloon
angioplasty 369, 424
aortic valvuloplasty 359
results of 359
atrial septostomy 190, 431, 619
procedure 191f
dilation 391
mitral valvotomy 510f
pulmonary valvotomy 391
procedure 192f
pulmonary valvuloplasty 191
pump, intra-aortic 225
valve dilatations 191
valvotomy, efficacy of 193
valvuloplasty 391
technique of 391
Barbero-Marcial technique 424
Barium swallow 374
Baroreceptor reflexes 25
Barth syndrome 681
Beau's line 532, 532f
Becker muscular dystrophy 681
Beckwith-Weifmann syndrome 550
Beriberi 238
Berlin heart 225
Beta-blockers 136t, 138, 247, 264, 553, 598, 672
actions of 135t
indications for 136t
non-selective 136
vasodilatory 138
Beta-blocking agents 135
classification 135
Beta-hemolytic streptococci 484
Beta-myosin heavy chain 549
Bicommissural aortic valves 354
Bicuspid aortic valve 86f, 105, 317, 318, 353
Bidirectional Glenn
anastomosis 397
procedure 216
shunt 220
Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia 637f
Bilateral carotid arteries 383f
Bilateral inferior vena cava 340
Bilateral superior caval veins 338
Biliary cirrhosis 608
Biplane catheterization 131
Birth asphyxia 241
Bisoprolol 136, 138
Biventricular hypertrophy 422f
Blade atrial septostomy 191
Blalock-Taussig shunt 83, 453, 462, 481, 651
modified 462f
Bland-White-Garland syndrome 345
Blood
circulation, regulation of 25
culture 486
deoxygenated 220
excessive administration of 594
flow
and cardiac output, measurement of 26
dynamics of 28
redistribution of 83
gas analysis 171
oxygen-carrying capacity of 128, 245
pressure 29, 30, 43, 43t, 44t, 71, 135, 363, 591, 591t, 592, 592t, 593, 612
diastolic 356, 593, 603
monitoring, ambulatory 43
noninvasive 592
normal 44
systolic 40, 356, 593, 602
urea nitrogen 596, 669
volume 29
Body mass index 593, 601
Bony structures 90
Borrelia burgdorferi 675
Bosentan 150, 258
Brachiocephalic vein, right 22
Bradyarrhythmia 264, 571, 640, 640f, 640t
Bradycardia 32, 110, 572, 589
symptomatic 249
Brain
abscess 273, 486
natriuretic peptide 239, 246, 256
Branch pulmonary artery 114f, 221
stenosis 196
Branham effect 310
Breath-holding spell 38
Breathing, rapid deep 167
Breathlessness 60
Bronchial arrangements 79
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 259, 599
Brown configuration 382
Brugada syndrome 637f
Brugia malayi 676
B-type natriuretic peptide 668
Bundle branch block
left 48, 200
right 49, 200
Bundle of His 321
Bupropion 277
Burns 594
C
C reactive protein 256
Calcium channel blockers 144, 258, 598, 599
Candida albicans 484, 529
Captopril 598
Carbamazepine 653
Carbon dioxide, end-tidal 72
Cardiac anomalies 78, 220
Cardiac arrest, diastolic 210
Cardiac arrhythmia
mechanisms of 31
role of echocardiography in 110
Cardiac assessment, pathway for 57
Cardiac auscultation 47
components of 48t
Cardiac biometry 114
Cardiac catheterization 117, 123, 156, 202, 243, 254, 285, 297, 300, 326, 357, 367, 390, 396, 404, 413, 421, 431, 451, 523, 619
and angiography, diagnostic 123
complications of 133
indications for 123
routine 132
Cardiac centers, number of 5
Cardiac chambers 12, 13, 125t
Cardiac computed tomography 243, 331, 357, 365, 390
Cardiac conduction system 16, 17f, 30
Cardiac configuration 80
Cardiac crux 12
Cardiac cycle 27, 27f
Cardiac defect 566
congenital 88f
Cardiac development
early stages of 19f
timeline of 22t
Cardiac device-related infective endocarditis 491
Cardiac dextroposition 335f
Cardiac disease 619
severity of 78
Cardiac disorders 619
Cardiac drugs, history of 34
Cardiac electrophysiology 31, 31f
Cardiac failure 238, 319
Cardiac implantable electronic devices, infection of 491
Cardiac intensive care, postoperative 168
Cardiac lesions, chest X-ray in 84
Cardiac magnetic resonance 310, 367f, 404, 518, 552, 666
imaging 119, 120, 243, 338f, 357, 365, 367, 404, 523
Cardiac murmurs 295
Cardiac output
measurement of 26f
regulation of 24
Cardiac position 79, 95, 113
Cardiac resynchronization therapy 453
Cardiac silhouette 11, 78, 80
Cardiac sound 47
listening for 47
Cardiac status and circulation 186
Cardiac surgery 209
Cardiac tachypnea seldom grunt 35
Cardiac tamponade 559
sign of 108
Cardiac transplantation 133
Cardiac valves 11
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome 392
Cardiogenic cords 18
Cardiogenic shock 184, 249
Cardiomyopathy 277, 542, 554, 573, 681
arrhythmogenic right ventricular 554
classification of 542fc
dilated 108, 141, 237
hypertrophic obstructive 550, 677
primary dilated 543
primary hypertrophic 550
primary restrictive 554
sarcomeric hypertrophic 553f
syndromic hypertrophic 550
Cardiopulmonary bypass 169, 170, 200, 210, 275
circuit 210f
role of 209
Cardiopulmonary exercise test, modalities of 74
Cardiopulmonary interaction 175, 176f
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 263
Cardiorenal syndrome 240
Cardiovascular anatomy 11, 118
Cardiovascular devices 481
Cardiovascular drugs 135
Cardiovascular examination 420
Cardiovascular medications 135
Cardiovascular pharmacology, essential 135
Cardiovascular reflexes 29
Cardiovascular system 18, 33, 40, 469
development of 18
embryology of 22
Carditis 498, 501
incidence of 4
Carnitine 680
Carvedilol 138, 548
Catch 22 (22q deletion) syndrome 571
Catecholamine 29, 32, 411
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 74, 636
Catheter
ablation 405
angiography 620
assessment of 170
based interventions 190
Celermajer index 403
Central cyanosis 36, 578
causes of 90
Central nervous system 473, 486, 619, 620
disease 594
Central venous pressure 170, 171, 172f
Cephalization 253
Cephalosporins 277
Cerebral
artery, middle 620
oximetry 172
sinovenous thrombosis 618
Cervical arch 379
Cesarean section 339
Chamber enlargement 65
CHARGE syndrome 306, 662, 663f
Chemoreceptor reflexes 25
Chemotherapeutic agents, select 608
Chest
pain 35, 60, 646
cardiac causes of 36t
causes of 646t
radiograph 316, 395, 441, 558
roentgenogram 667
wall deformity 46
Cheyne-Stokes breathing 35
Chikungunya 675
Childhood hypertension, treatment of 598t
Childhood obesity 601
adverse outcomes in 602t
Childhood tachyarrhythmias 625f
Chloral hydrate 158, 653
Chloramphenicol 158
Chocardiography 93
Cholelithiasis 604
Cholestasis 152
Cholestyramine 610
Chorea 499, 501
differential diagnosis of 500b
management of 503
Chromosomal anomaly 231, 658
Chronic cardiovascular disease 601
Chronic kidney disease 592
Chronic microbial myocarditis 520
Chronic pharmacotherapy 634
Chronic renal disease 608
Chylothorax 179, 221
Ciliary dysfunction 475
Cimetidine 158
Cine angiography 131
Ciprofloxacin 653
Circular shunt physiology 395f
Circulation, airway, and breathing 165
Circulatory arrest 210
Circulatory shock 459
Clarithromycin 653
Clonidine 598
Clopidogrel 158, 159
Coarctation of aorta 313, 326, 361, 366, 368f, 584, 664
Cobalamin 679
Colesevelam 610
Collagen
synthesis, disorders of 672
vascular diseases 669
Collateral vessels, abnormal 204
Collett and Edward classification 419, 419f
Color flow Doppler imaging 325
Common carotid artery 372
Common congenital heart diseases 567
Common pulmonary vein, atresia of 336
Complete blood count 242, 411, 669
Complete congenital heart block 670
Complete heart block 448, 640, 643f, 668
Complete vascular ring 374
Complex cyanotic congenital heart diseases 481, 482
Computed tomography 310, 326, 367, 391f, 396, 422, 466, 451, 468, 554, 596, 620
angiogram 319f, 367f, 371, 375, 422
angiography 451, 452f, 607, 620, 671
imaging, advantages of 118
scan 314, 314f
Conal septum, malalignment of 447
Conduction
system 22, 439, 469, 471
tissue 448
Cone
creation of 406
repair 405, 406f
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 594
Congenital cardiovascular malformation 418
Congenital complete heart block 572
Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt 340, 341
Congenital heart disease 3, 5f, 11, 54b, 63, 79, 103, 113, 118, 165, 166t, 167, 204, 211t, 226, 252, 268f, 269f, 271b, 274t, 275-277, 291, 313, 351, 372, 408, 438, 542, 566, 568, 571t, 575, 577, 591, 645, 651, 651b, 658fc, 664t, 665
assessment 118
birth prevalence of 4t
common 207
complex 202
complications 273
critical 54, 103
cyanotic 87, 105, 269, 271
diagnosis of 115
echocardiography in 103
epidemiology 3, 267
intervention in 275
natural history of 272
periconceptual prevention 276
physiological categories of 268
prenatal diagnosis of 573
prevalence of 4t
prevention of 276
Congenital hyperthyroidism 678
Congenital hypothyroidism 677
Congenital portosystemic shunts 573
Congenital rubella syndrome 306, 393
Congestive cardiac failure 83f, 486, 488, 596
Congestive heart failure 136, 167, 293, 294, 295f, 448
Connective tissue
disease 252
disorder 136, 256, 482, 558, 669
Consciousness, loss of 263
Constipation 604
Continuous wave 366
Contraception 650
Contralateral sinus 348
Contrast computed tomography scan 335f, 338f
Coombs test 669
Cor triatriatum 328, 335
classification of 336t
Coronary aneurysms 534
Coronary angioplasty 192
Coronary anomalies 344
Coronary arterial fistula 35
Coronary arteriovenous fistula 118
Coronary arteritis 529
Coronary artery 16, 16f, 471, 535
abnormalities 344, 351
anatomy 344, 439, 447
aneurysms 534
anomalies 345, 348, 419
management of 222
course 131
disease 132
disorders 264
fistula 36, 349
histopathology of 530t
left 6, 12, 16, 222, 222f
lesion 528, 536, 537
origin of 15
right 12, 16, 222
Coronary cameral fistulae 202
Coronary computed tomography 344
Coronary fistula 349
Coronary heart disease 602
Coronary ostium, atresia of 348
Coronary sinus 116, 211, 338, 406
aneurysm 339
anomalies of 339
orifice atresia 339
septal defect 339
unroofed 339
Coronary vasodilation 76
Coronary veins 16, 17f
Coronary-cameral fistula 349
Corrective cardiac surgeries 237, 241
Corrective surgery 210
Corrigan's pulse 42
Corticosteroids 608
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 673
Cosmetic pediatric cardiac surgery 224
Costal cartilages 11
Costello syndrome 392, 550
Cough and wheeze 38
COVID-19 539
infection 673
Coxiella burnetii 484, 491
C-reactive protein 106, 501, 534, 537, 620
Creatine kinase 610
Creatinine 151, 246, 669
Cri-du-chat syndrome 306
Crista terminalis 13
Critical aortic stenosis 86, 103, 167, 355
Critical congenital heart diseases 577
Culture-negative endocarditis 481, 490
Cyanosis 36, 36t, 37, 80f, 89, 104, 282, 335, 581
cause of 80f
peripheral 36t
respiratory cause of 37t
severity of 37t
Cyanotic congenital heart disease 394, 410, 481
Cyanotic heart disease 425
congenital 273
Cyanotic spells 37, 137
management of 414
prevention of 414
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 140, 147, 258
Cyclic mononucleotides 587
Cystine-storage disease 608
Cytochrome 143
Cytomegalovirus 658
D
Da Silva's cone repair 405
Dallas criteria 522
Damus-Kaye-Stansel
anastomosis 223
procedure 223, 463
Danon disease 550
Deafness 668
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest 169, 173
Dengue
fever 529, 673
virus serotypes 673
Dental procedures 483
Descending aorta 362, 372, 373, 378, 395
Dexmedetomidine 181
Dextrocardia 46, 79, 80f, 81f, 88f, 452f
Diabetes mellitus 603, 608, 677
Diaphoresis 294
Diaphragm, central tendon of 12
Diastolic dysfunction 100, 174, 459
postoperative 176
therapy for 174
Diastolic ventricular volume 25
Dicrotic pulse 42
Diffuse endocardial fibroelastosis 345
DiGeorge syndrome 362, 418, 419, 424, 577, 653, 659, 664f
Digital subtraction angiography 594
Digoxin 143, 145, 146t, 247, 248, 258
Dilated cardiomyopathy 542, 542f, 544f, 546f, 670
acute management of 548t
classification of 543t
Diltiazem 145, 653
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 594, 596
Diphtheria 673
diagnosis of 673
Direct current cardioversion 634
Disopyramide 264, 653
Distal pulmonary arteries, native stenosis of 424
Diuretics 246, 151, 258, 598
Diurnal variation 44
Diverticulum of Kommerell 371, 374, 376, 378, 378f, 382, 384
Dobutamine 76, 160, 174, 248, 548
Dog
heartworm 676
tapeworm 676
Dopamine 159, 174, 175, 248, 548
Doppler 94
features 108
measurements 357
probe 43
technique 109
Dorsal mesogastrium 474f
Double aortic arch 371, 373f, 374, 382, 462f
Double arch, embryology of 374f
Double outlet right ventricle 118, 132, 269, 438, 439, 440f, 441-443, 443t, 457, 665
classification of 439, 439b
echocardiographic assessment of 442
morphologic modifiers of 438
morphology of 438
types of 438
Douglas bag 73
Down syndrome 132, 278, 320, 323, 324, 410, 571, 653
Doxycycline 536, 653
Drainage, sites of 328
Drug
nonavailability of 7
reactions 532
therapy 608
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 681
Duct
dependent systemic outflow obstruction 363
spontaneous closure of 306
Ductus arteriosus 305, 371-373, 378, 379, 418, 573
aneurysm 306
stenting of 415
Ductus venosus 340
anomalies of 340
postnatal persistence of 340
Duke criteria, modified 487, 487t
Dyselectrolytemia 64, 124
Dyslipidemias 601
Dysostosis multiplex 668
Dysplastic pulmonary valve 390, 391, 392f
Dysplastic tricuspid valve 401f
Dysplastic truncal valve 419
Dyspnea 34, 35, 317
E
Early postoperative infective endocarditis 491
Ebstein anomaly 123, 224, 398, 399, 400, 401f, 402, 402f, 403f, 404, 405, 405f, 407, 408, 569f, 573, 664
Carpentier classification of 400f
cone repair for 406f
natural history of 407
physiology of 400f
severe 89, 403f
Ebstein malformation 399f
Ebstenoid tricuspid valve 452f
Echinococcus granulosus 676
Echocardiogram 296, 309, 558, 579
machine 93
report 110
final impression of 111
Echocardiography 105, 117, 173, 243, 283, 314, 316, 324, 331, 336, 347, 350, 356, 389, 390, 396, 402, 411, 421, 428, 442, 449, 486, 501, 509, 512, 522
functional 99
Ectopic atrial tachycardia 177, 544
Edema 39
generalized 221
Edward hypothetical double arch model 372
Edward model 373f
Edward syndrome 410, 659
Egami score 537
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 306, 672
Eisenmenger
complex 308
disease 294
physiology 308
reaction 280
syndrome 85, 252, 254f, 259, 271, 273, 293, 296f, 297f, 306
Ejection fraction 546
Elastin gene 392
Electrocardiogram 41, 56, 60, 171, 243, 265, 295, 308, 314, 324, 330, 346, 346f, 356, 388, 396, 402, 411, 412f, 421, 428, 428f, 441, 487, 501, 521, 534, 535, 544, 558, 560, 578, 588f, 595, 623
Electrocardiography 24, 346, 348, 356, 449, 466, 512
Elevated hepatic aminotransferase 151
Elevated jugular venous pressure, causes of 45b
Elevated triglycerides 610
Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome 281, 320, 571
Embolic phenomenon 484
Embolization therapy 203
Embryogenesis 362
Embryonic truncus arteriosus 418
Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy 681
Emphysema 244
Enalapril 153, 318, 548, 598
End artery vessels 203
End-diastolic
pressure 221
volume 546
Endocardial cushions 19
development of 20f
Endocardial fibroelastosis 34
Endocarditis 273, 482t, 485f
infective 40, 106
prophylaxis 492t
Endocrine disorders 550
Endocrine dysfunction 183
Endomyocardial biopsy 124, 243, 522, 523
Endomyocardial fibroelastosis 56
Endomyocardial fibrosis 554
End-organ oxygen delivery 166
Endothelial nitric oxide 29
Endothelin 147, 257
receptor antagonist 178, 257, 259
Endotracheal tube fixation 170
End-stage renal disease 596
Enoxaparin 156
Entamoeba histolytica 676
Enterobius vermicularis 676
Enterococcus faecalis 484
Enzyme replacement therapy 667
Epinephrine 174, 175, 248
Epistaxis 156
Eplerenone 247
Epoprostenol 149, 258
Epsilon aminocaproic acid 183
Erythema marginatum 41, 500
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 106, 256, 501, 534, 620, 669
Erythromycin 653
Escherichia coli 484
Esmolol 138, 177, 597
Esophagus 380-382
Essential hypertension 593
Excessive pulmonary blood flow 459
Exercise 650
physiology 71
stress
laboratory 72
testing 70, 72, 72t, 73, 73t, 74f, 357, 404
Exogenous catecholamines 173
Extracardiac anomalies 419, 571
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 184, 225, 275, 348, 524, 587
contraindications for 184b
indications for 184b
Eye abnormalities 372
Ezetimibe 610
F
Fabry disease 550
Failure to thrive 33, 39
Fallot's tetralogy 412f
Familial chylomicronemia syndrome 608
Familial hypercholesterolemia 606
management of 607
Fastidious organisms 491
Fatigue 35
Fatty acid oxidation disorders 550
Femoral vein 124
Fenestrated fontan operation 221
Fetal
arrhythmias 571
blood flow patterns 459
cardiac screening, steps for 113
cardiology 566
counseling 228
course 448
echocardiogram 113b, 114, 430f
correlation of 115
indications of 112
echocardiography 566, 567, 568t
antenatal detection on 364
indications for 566t
protocol for 566
heart
defects 573
four-chamber view of 114f
hemodynamics 575
interventions 359, 571
life 345
myocarditis 573
tachyarrhythmia 400, 404
tachycardia 572f
Fick principle 26
application of 26
Field exercise testing 76
Figure of 8 appearance 89, 89f, 331, 331f, 333f
Filarial worm 676
Flecainide 142
Fluconazole 158, 653
Fludrocortisone 264
Fluid
appearance of 107
location of 107
management 245
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 392, 423, 571, 628, 657, 664f
Fluorouracil 158
Flush method 43, 44
Fluvastatin 610
Focal seizures 620
Folate supplementation 7
Folic acid 679
supplements 277
Fontan
operation 221, 444, 465
pathway 454
procedure 178, 240, 444, 464, 481
surgery 240, 464-466
survival, current status of 465
Foramen ovale 575
closure of 575
in utero restriction of 573
Fosphenytoin 158
Frank-Starling
curves 173f
principle 238
Friedreich's ataxia 681
Fulminant carditis 499
Fulminant myocarditis 521
Functional pulmonary atresia 399
Fungal endocarditis 491
Fungemia 484
Fungi 484
Furosemide 151, 548, 598
G
Gain and time gain composition 94
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 669
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 545
Gastric aspiration 674
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 182, 604
Gastrointestinal bleeding 182
Gastrointestinal system 22, 473, 477
Gastrointestinal tract 566
Gasul phenomenon 294
Gaucher disease 608
Genetic 475
defects 649
disorders 276
syndrome 571
testing 257
Genitourinary system 475
Gerbode defect 294
Germ disk 18
Gestational diabetes 664
Giant aneurysm 534
Giant coronary artery aneurysm 535f
complications of 538
Gianturco coil 204
Gingivitis 483
Glasgow outcome score 403
Glenn procedure 178
Glenn shunt 464, 481, 619
surgery 463
Global longitudinal strain 539
Glomerular filtration rate 598, 599
Glomerulonephritis 486, 593
Glycogen storage disorders 550, 608, 666
Glycosaminoglycan 667
Glycosylated hemoglobin 596
Goldenhar syndrome 662
Goldman's specific activity scale 39
Goose neck appearance 325
Gose score 407
Graham Steell murmur 295
Granulicatella 491
Graves’ disease 678
Great arteries 132, 239, 351
congenitally corrected transposition of 399, 446, 447f, 449f-453f, 454, 455
dextro-transposition of 430
management of transposition of 432
surgery for transposition of 435
transposition of 73, 84, 123, 132, 216, 217f, 237, 269, 275, 351, 426, 428f, 434, 439, 443, 457, 458f, 569f, 619
Great Ormond street score 403
Great vessels
artery 21
transposition of 89, 277, 666
Growth and nutrition 274
Grunt 37
Guillain-Barré syndrome 594
H
Hacek group 484
Haemophilus influenzae 34, 562
Happy tachypnea 35
Harrison's groove 295
Head trauma 619
Headache 38, 183
Health-seeking behavior of community 6
Heart 678
anatomy of 11
and blood vessels 24
block 673, 676
complete 264
boot-shaped 83f
border, right 81, 88f
box-shaped 88f
clockwise rotation of 81
consists, venous system of 16
defects 648
congenital 165
selected 270
disease 33, 37, 39, 41t, 54, 91, 93, 231, 580, 580b, 619, 648, 650
adult congenital 229
antenatal detection of congenital 278
common cyanotic 214
critical 6f
end-stage 249
neonatal 165
structural 110, 123, 132
failure 33, 103, 112, 235, 239, 241, 246fc, 282, 400, 459, 555f, 573, 649
acute 249
and cyanosis 104
causes of 236f, 244
chronic 138
classification of 242
compensatory mechanisms in 239fc
control of 300
diagnosis of 235
end-stage 249
epidemiology 236
etiology 236, 237f
management of 244, 247, 300, 503
mild-to-moderate 138
pediatric chronic 141
pharmacotherapy of 245
prognosis of 235
progressive 244
Ross classification of 543t
symptoms of 307
therapy, physiological basis of 248t
fields 18
pericardium around 12f
peripheral 221
rate 62, 64, 170, 285f
and rhythm, assessment of 114
maximal 71
reduction agents 548
with exercise and rhythm 75f
rest of 11
size 80
sound
first 27, 48
fourth 27, 49
second 27, 48
third 27, 49
structural evaluation of 113
surgery 83
closed 209
congenital 207, 224
surgical approaches for 209
tissue 31
transplant 185, 249, 492
recipients 73
univentricular 132
valve
right-sided 238
surgery 503
Heart-mate 225
Heart-ware 225
Hemangioma 372
Hematology 186
Hematomas 156
Hematuria 156, 341
Hemithorax, right 79
Hemitruncus 423
Hemodynamic 315, 329
essential 24
monitoring 171
study 28
values, normal 29t
Hemoglobin 256
levels 36t
Hemolytic anemia treatment 554
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 593, 594, 608
Hemoptysis 38
Hemorrhage 156
Hemorrhagic shock 244
Henoch-Schönlein nephritis 594
Heparin 156
Hepatic
artery 240
dysfunction 341
fibrosis, evidence of 240
veins 469
venous connections 470
Hepatitis 608
Hepatocellular carcinoma 240
Hepatojugular reflux 45
Hepatopulmonary syndrome 341
Hereditary hypertriglyceridemia 608
Hernia 668
diaphragmatic 80
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia 606, 607, 610
Hexaxial reference system 60
High frequency ventilation 587
High pressure balloons 198
High-density lipoprotein 602, 606, 613
High-resolution computed tomography scan 412
Hockey stick anterior mitral valve leaflet 106f
Holosystolic murmurs 295
Holter monitoring 68, 348
Holt-Oram syndrome 280, 571, 662, 663f
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia 607, 610
Hookworms 676
Horizontal reference system 61
Hormone
adrenocorticotropin 183
antidiuretic 29
natriuretic 29
Human embryo 21f
Human heart 12
Human immunodeficiency virus 252, 256, 608, 619, 620, 674
Hybrid
closure 302
procedures 205
Hydralazine 597, 598
Hydrochlorothiazide 152, 598
Hydrops 400
fetalis 572f, 573
Hydroxychloroquine, role of 539
Hyperammonemia 341
Hypercalcemia 594
Hypercyanotic spell 167
Hyperglycemia 152, 160
Hyperkalemia 146
Hyperoxia test 37, 58
Hyperpnea 167
Hypertension 33, 44, 136, 162, 243, 365, 369, 593, 595, 595fc, 596t, 597, 598, 599t, 612
categorization of 591
etiology of 593
evaluation of 594
portal 240
portopulmonary 253
primary 593
screening for 591
severe 595, 596fc
staging of 591
Hypertensive emergencies 595
drugs for 597t
Hyperthermia 174
Hyperthyroidism 678
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 36, 56, 73, 109, 265, 351, 542, 549, 552f, 553f
causes of 550t
Hypertrophied infundibular muscles 299f
Hyperventilation 587
Hypocalcemia 241, 542
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis 152
Hypoglycemia 241, 589
Hypokalemia 32, 152, 246
Hyponatremia 152, 245, 246, 534
Hypopituitarism 608
Hypoplasia 112, 269, 374
severe 462f
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 48, 103, 123, 193, 203, 223, 223f, 268, 272, 275, 277, 353, 360, 462f, 568, 569f, 570, 577, 664, 665
Hypoplastic pulmonary artery 399
Hypotension 246, 40b
Hypothermia 169
Hypothyroidism 253, 589, 608, 677
Hypovolemia 246
Hypoxemia 33, 34, 36, 38
detecting 56
severe 166
Hypoxia 32, 172, 589
I
Iatrogenic mitral regurgitation 194
Ibuprofen 277
Idiopathic hypercalcemia 608
Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia 635
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension 38, 254f, 256, 259
Iloprost 178, 258
Immune
complexes 528
myocarditis 520
system 477
Immunizations 652
Immunoglobulin 487, 534
Immunologic system 474
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator 491, 553
Implantable loop recorder 69, 70f
In vitro fertilization 566
Indicator dilution method 26
Indolent carditis 499
Indomethacin 277
Infant mortality rate 54, 267
Infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome 531b
Infections 594, 619, 673
Infective endocarditis 294, 481, 482, 482fc, 484t, 485f, 487, 488t-490t
complications of 486
differential diagnosis for 487
management of 490
prevention of 492
prophylaxis 649, 653, 654
risk factors for 481
Inferior bridging leaflet 321
Inferior vena cava 281, 282, 288, 329, 334, 340, 395, 406, 449, 453, 469
anomalies of 340
Infiltrative disorders 554
Inflammatory disease 608
Influenza 253
Infrahepatic suprarenal segment 339
Infundibular extension 292
Infundibular stenosis 391, 410
Infundibulum 14
Inguinal ligament 124
Inhaled nitric oxide 147, 167, 258, 587
Inherited arrhythmias 73
Injury 594
Inlet extension 292
Inlet ventricular septal defect 292, 323
Inotropes 247
Inotropic agents 174
Intact interventricular septum 202
Intact ventricular septum 275, 394, 427, 428f, 457, 568
Intensive care unit 103, 165, 246, 562, 597
Interleukin 537
Interlobar edema 253
Intermediate-density lipoprotein 606
International Pediatric Stroke Study 618
International Society for Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 567
Internodal tracts 17
Interrupted aortic arch 313, 584
Intersegmenta artery 374
Interventricular artery, inferior 12
Interventricular groove 12
Interventricular septum 14, 96, 98, 216, 291, 300
embryology of 291
Intracardiac shunts, transcatheter closure of 198
Intracellular calcium 237
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 566
Intrauterine growth restriction 659
Intravascular stents, role of 204
Intravascular ultrasound 349, 535
Intravenous beta-blockers 414
Intravenous immunoglobulin 536, 537, 548, 651
role of 525
Intravenous methylprednisolone 537
Intravenous sildenafil 257
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate 414
Invasive angiography 413
Irbesartan 598
Iron
deficiency 411
overload 554
Irregular polymorphic tachyarrhythmia 633f
Irreversible pulmonary hypertension 419
Ischemia reperfusion injury 170
Ischemic heart disease 602
Isomerism 468
Isoniazid 653
Isoprenaline 76
Isoproterenol 175
Isotretinoin 608, 664
Isovolumetric relaxation 125
Isovolumic contraction time 27
Isovolumic relaxation time 27
Isradipine 598
Ivabradine 141, 247, 548
J
Janeway lesions 41, 485
Jarvik heart 225
Jaundice 253
Joint stiffness 668
Jugular venous pressure 44, 45f, 45t, 350, 388, 401, 560f
waveforms 45f
Junctional ectopic tachycardia 141, 176
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 671
Juvenile mitral stenosis 509f
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 532, 608
Juvenile Tay-Sachs disease 608
K
Kabuki syndrome 662
Kawasaki disease 35, 36, 40, 41, 73, 106, 132, 237, 344, 528, 529, 531, 532b, 533, 534, 536, 537, 537t, 539, 540, 608
diagnostic guidelines of 531b
long-term management of 538
management of 535
serum biomarkers for 534
treatment protocol of 536b
Keshan disease 679
Ketamine 181
Ketoconazole 158
Keutel syndrome 393
Kidney 240
diseases 180t, 240
failure 244
injury classification 180t
Klinefelter syndrome 608
Knott-Craig monocusp technique 405
Kobayashi score 537
Koch triangle 439
Konno procedure, modified 358
Korotkoff sounds 43, 592
Kugelberg-Welander disease 682
Kussmaul sign 45, 561
Kyphosis 90
L
Labetalol 136, 138, 597, 598
Lactate 172
dehydrogenase 242, 666
Lactobacillus casei 528, 529
Ladd procedure 474
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band 605
Late gadolinium enhancement 518, 523, 667
Lead poisoning 594
Leaflet
delamination of 406
left
inferior 213
lateral 213
superior 213
right
antero-superior 321, 326
inferior 213
lateral 213
superior 213
superior bridging 321, 326
LeCompte intraventricular repair 443
Left aortic arch 379, 382
Left atrial
appendage 14
enlargement 65
pressure 102, 129f, 170, 171
Left atrioventricular valve anomalies 447
Left atrium 13, 14, 96, 102, 213, 297, 298, 318, 320, 325, 336, 403, 413, 422, 440, 446, 447, 450-452, 461, 462, 553, 554, 561
enlargement of 81
Left axis deviation 347
Left carotid artery 372, 373, 378
Left circumflex
aorta 382f
artery 222
Left coronary artery 344, 355
abnormal origin of 348
anomalous origin of 344, 345, 346b
Left coronary cusp 355
Left heart
disease 35
lesions 362
outflow obstruction 353
Left mural leaflet 321, 326
Left subclavian artery 362, 371-373, 372, 378, 380, 383
Left ventricle 14, 27, 104, 223, 298-301, 318, 320, 325, 338, 394, 395, 403, 413, 422, 435, 440, 446, 447, 450-452, 457, 461, 462, 553, 554, 561
Left ventricular
cavity, small 110f
diastolic
function, assessment of 100
pressure 130
disease 241
dysfunction, management of 246
end-diastolic pressure 354
enlargement 81
hypertrophy 66, 347, 365, 550, 551f, 552f, 667
inflow obstruction, causes of 506b
noncompaction 110
cardiomyopathy 398, 542, 554
outflow tract 15, 113, 114f, 297, 325, 355, 442, 550
lesions 357
obstruction 353, 435, 447
obstruction, multiple levels of 353f
pressure, normal 126f
septal thickness 549
systolic function 173
assessment of 100
Legionella pneumophila 491
Leopard syndrome 392, 553
Leptospirosis 532, 580
Lesion
causing heart failure 241
duct-dependent 270
specific counseling 230
Levoatrial cardinal vein 339
Levocardia 83f, 95f
Levofloxacin 158, 653
Levosimendan 163, 174, 548
Libman-Sacks endocarditis 487
Lidocaine 141, 143
Life and psychosocial consequences, quality of 275
Life-threatening pulmonary edema 149
Ligament arteriosus, left 380
Limb
abnormalities 566
anomalies 40
girdle muscle dystrophy 681
Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome 41
Lipids 613
disorders, primary 606
Lipodystrophy 608
Lipoprotein 613
lipase, function of 608
low-density 602, 606, 613
Lisinopril 598
Listeria monocytogenes 487
Lithium 277, 664
Liver 240
cirrhosis of 244
coagulation factors 240
congestion, passive 240
fibrosis 465
function test 242, 610
hypoperfusion of 240
transplantation 608
Loeys-Dietz syndrome 120
Loop diuretics 151
Losartan 154, 598
Lovastatin 610
Low birth weight 201
Low cardiac output
state 172, 173
treatment of 159
Low molecular weight heparin 156
Low volume pulse 42
Lower body veins
anatomy of 339
embryogenesis of 339
Lower limb 44
saturation 363
Lower respiratory infections 301
Low-molecular weight heparin 536, 621
dose of 157t
Lung 241
disease
parenchymal 167
primary parenchymal 256
ground-glass appearance of 331f
hypoplasia 80
lymphangiectasia of 459
mass 90
parenchyma 78, 90
right 84
segments 132
tissue 565f
Lutembacher syndrome 282
Lyme disease 40, 675
Lymphatic insufficiency 465
Lymphatic obstruction 244
Lysosomal storage disorders 550, 554
M
Macitentan 151, 259
Magnesium 678
Malaria 675
Malnutrition 239
Marantic endocarditis 487
Marfan syndrome 73, 90, 120, 136, 137, 306, 672
Masked hypertension 592
Mass 80
Massive pulmonary embolism, acute 155
Maternal disease 277
Maternal infections 7
Maximum instantaneous gradient 354, 357
Mean airway pressure 587, 391
Mean platelet volume 659
Measles 532
Measuring failure to thrive 39b
Mechanical heart valves 5
Mechanical trauma 16
Mechanical ventilation 174
role of 579
Meconium aspiration syndrome 305
Mediastinum 78, 83
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 341
Membranous septum 291, 292
Ménétrier's sign 672
Meningitis 486
Mental subnormality 668
Mercury poisoning 532
Mesobuthus tamulus 676
Mesocardia 79, 95
Metabolic abnormality 542
Metabolic alkalosis 246
Metabolism, inborn errors of 237
Methotrexate 536
Methyl prednisolone 536
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 619
Metolazone 152, 598
Metoprolol 136, 137, 144, 598, 672
Metronidazole 158, 653
Mexiletine 141
Miconazole 158
Microdeletion syndromes 659
Micturating cystourethrogram 596
Mid-diastolic murmur 421
causes of 509b
Migraine 620
Mild hypoplasia 462f
Milrinone 162, 174, 175, 248, 548
Mitochondrial
abnormalities 542
disorders 550
Mitral atresia 462f
Mitral inflow Doppler 101f
Mitral papillary muscle 16
posteromedial 16
Mitral regurgitation 108, 237, 282, 287, 345, 511, 512f
residual 231
severe 498f, 512f
Mitral stenosis 35, 36, 506, 509b, 510f
acquired 136
classification of severity of 507b
complications of 508, 508b
congenital 136
pathophysiology of 507f
severe 67f, 508f
Mitral valve 14, 27, 96, 98, 101f, 111, 394
anatomy, normal 506
dilatation 194
disease 282
surgery for 223
leaflet 512f
anterior 106
prolapse 35, 36, 282, 482
regurgitation 488
Mixed venous oxygenation 172
M-mode
features 109
technique 109
MMR vaccination 277
Molecular genetics 426
Monomorphic tachyarrhythmia 633f
Morbidity 475
and mortality, cause of 106
Mori's classification 313, 313f
Morphine 167
Mortality 475
Moxifloxacin 158
Mucopolysaccharidoses 550, 667
Multidetector computed tomography 535
Multiple lentigines 550
Multiple ligand probe amplification 657
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome 237
Mural leaflet, right 321, 326
Murmur 53
asymptomatic 33
cardiac 50
character of 52
continuous 51, 52t
diastolic 51
early
diastolic 51
systolic 51
grading of 52
innocent 230
late
diastolic 51
systolic 51
mid
diastolic 51
systolic 51, 388
palpable 47
pandiastolic 51
pansystolic 51, 295
quality of 52
systolic 51
timing of 51
Muscular septum 291, 292
Muscular ventricular septal defect 292
Musculoskeletal disorders 90
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 487
Mycotic aneurysms 485, 486
Myocardial bridges 351
Myocardial cell 30
Myocardial contractility 135, 167
Myocardial contraction, strength of 25
Myocardial disease 103, 108
echocardiography in 107
primary 238
Myocardial disorders 573
Myocardial dysfunction 161, 173
postoperative 173
Myocardial infarction 528
acute 155
symptoms of 538t
Myocardial injury, direct 238
Myocardial involvement 533
Myocardial ischemia 339
Myocardial protection 210
Myocarditis 518, 520, 523, 669
acute 236
classification of 519t
Myocardium 24, 398
Myocyte
hyperplasia 238
number of 237
Myofibrils 24
Myosin filaments 24
Myosin-binding protein C 549
N
Native valve endocarditis 481
Natriuretic peptides 243
Nausea 152
Near infrared spectroscopy 172
Nearly-atretic pulmonary valve 270
Neck trauma 619
Necrotizing enterocolitis 168
Neil's classification 329
Neonatal arch obstruction, treatment of 368
Neonatal cardiology 575
Neonatal coarctation, diagnosis of 103
Neonatal hypertension 599
Neonatal lupus 670
Neonatal myocardium 237, 238
Neonatal pulse oximetry 363
Neonatal supraventricular tachycardia 588f
Neopulmonary artery 453
Nephrotic
relapse 594
syndrome 244, 608
Neprilysin inhibitor, combination of 247
Nervous system 477
Nesiritide 247
Neurocognitive development 240
Neurodevelopmental disabilities 275
Neurofibromatosis 40, 393
Neurohormonal interactions 240
Neurological issues 181
Neurological presentations 38
Neurological problems 274
Neurological status 186
Neuromuscular blockade 181
Neuromuscular diseases 681
Neurovascular manifestations 485
Nicardipine 597
Nice classification 252f
Niemann-Pick disease 608
Nifedipine 598
Nikaidoh procedure 218
Nikaidoh-Bex operation 435
Nitric oxide 147
requirement of 241
Nitrofurantoin 277
Nitroglycerin 174, 247
Nitroprusside 247, 597
Nodal cilia 476
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 604
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, formation of 482
Non-cardiac conditions 73
Noncardiac surgeries 649
Non-coronary cusp 355
Nongiant coronary aneurysm 534
Nonpurulent conjunctivitis 532f
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 113, 672
Nonsyndromic congenital heart disease 664
Noonan syndrome 283, 306, 392, 392f, 542, 550, 552f, 661
Noradrenaline 161
Norepinephrine 174
Norfloxacin 653
Normal apex beat 46
Normal coronary artery anatomy 344f
Normal heart 97f, 320f, 446f
rates 42t
N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide 668
Nuchal translucency 112, 113, 566
Nucleic acid amplification tests 486
Nutrition 181, 301
and growth 239
deficiencies 678
O
Obesity 601, 602, 612
clinical manifestation of 602
etiology of 601
management of 604
related hypertension 602
surgical treatment of 605
treatment
components of 604
phases of 604
targets for 604
Obstruction, different levels of 387f
Obstructive lesions 86, 264
left-sided 583
Obstructive liver disease 608
Obstructive sleep apnea 603
syndrome 603
Ocular manifestations 485
Ohm's law 129
Oligemia 81
Oliguria 241
Omeprazole 158
One and half ventricle repair 406
Open heart surgery 209
Operator skill, dependence on 117
Optimal resource utilization 8
Oral contraceptives 608
Oral flora 483
Oral penicillin V 7
Oral-dental hygiene 273
Organ 477
system 239, 477
Organ-specific manifestations 484
Orthodromic atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia 588f
Orthopnea 34
Orthotopic heart transplantation 548
Oscillometry 43
Osler's nodes 41, 483, 485
Osteogenesis imperfecta 673
Ostium primum 281, 323, 325f
atrial septal defect, electrocardiogram of 285f
Ostium secundum 281
atrial septal defect, typical electrocardiogram of 284f
Outflow septum 291
Outlet ventricular septal defect 293
Overweight 601
management of 604
Oximetry 125
Oxygen 245
extraction ratio 172b
partial pressure of 581
saturation 36t, 124, 170
supplementation, use of 579
therapy 258
Oxygenated hemoglobin 56
Oxygenated pulmonary venous return, amount of 129
Oxygenation index 587
P
Pacemakers 649
Palliative surgery 210
Palpation 46
Palpatory method 43
Palpitation 35, 60
Pancreatitis 152
Papillary muscle 98, 98f
Parachute valve 295
Parasitic infections 676
Paresthesia 152
Paroxetine 277
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 34, 35
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 623, 630f, 635
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous 84
connection 328, 334
Patau syndrome 410, 659
Patch recorders 69
Patent arterial duct 238
Patent ductus arteriosus 48, 52, 83, 85, 131, 201, 202f, 212, 237, 268, 269, 272, 277, 305, 307, 308, 308f, 310f, 314, 344, 361, 362, 364f, 366f, 383f, 384, 393-395, 395f, 400, 401, 412, 441, 453, 579, 659
large 82f
moderate 128f, 307
Patent foramen Ovale 280, 400, 401, 459
Peak oxygen consumption 72
Pediatric cardiac
disease 93, 224
practice, drugs in 135
surgery, principles of 207
Pediatric cardiac care 7, 7t, 9
current status of 5
facility 6
financial cost of 231
program 3
Pediatric cardiac intensive care 165
unit 165, 169, 169b, 185
Pediatric cardiology 54
foundations 1
outpatient clinic 645b
Pediatric cardiovascular disease 233
Pediatric dyslipidemias 605
management of 609
screening for 609
Pediatric echocardiography 94
Pediatric extracorporeal life support, role of 224
Pediatric heart
disease 3, 55
failure
newer drugs in 247
therapy 249
treatment of advanced 249
surgery 208f
transplantation 225
Pediatric intensive care unit 274
Pediatric stroke 618, 620, 621
risk factors of 618
thrombolysis in 621
Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus 669
Pediatric valve diseases, management of 223
Percutaneous interventional therapy 197
Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation 204
Perianal excoriation 532f
Pericardial constriction 563
Pericardial diseases 107, 557, 562, 564
echocardiography in 107
Pericardial effusion 558t, 559
amount of 107
mild 107f
Pericardial rub 50, 559
Pericardial sac, development of 22
Pericardial tamponade 202
Pericarditic chest pain 559
Pericarditis 557, 558t
bacterial 562
causes of 558t
constrictive 108
recurrent 559
stage of 558
tubercular 562
viral 562
Pericardium 12, 111, 557
anatomy of 557
congenital absence of 564
function of 557
inner layers of 107
layers of 12f
pressure volume curve of 557f
Perimembranous septum 292
Perimembranous ventricular septal defect 292, 299f, 300f, 412f
Perinatal management 431
Peripheral alpha antagonist 598
Peripheral perfusion index 57
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis 387, 391, 392
Perivalvular extension 488
Permanent junctional
reciprocating tachycardia 544, 545f, 624
re-entry tachycardia 571
Persistent central cyanosis 36
Persistent pulmonary hypertension 586
etiology of 586b
Persistent truncus arteriosus 89, 132, 418
classification of 419f
Personal bias, avoiding 229
Pharmacologic therapy 609
Pharmacological stress testing 76
Pharmacological treatment 605
Phenylephrine 162, 175
Phenytoin 653
Pheochromocytoma 677
Phrenic nerve injury 179
Physical rehabilitation 650
Physiologic peripheral pulmonary stenosis 646
Pig tapeworm 676
Pinworm 676
Piperacillin 158
Plasma, excessive administration of 594
Plastic bronchitis 221
Platelet
count 669
microbicidal proteins 483
Pleural effusion 91
Pneumococcus 34
Pneumonia 149, 244, 253, 302
ventilator associated 183
Pneumonitis 83
Pneumothorax 91
Poiseuille's law 129, 306
Poisoning 244
Polyarteritis nodosa 670
Polyarthritis 499
Polycystic kidney disease 593
Polycystic ovary syndrome 605, 608
Polycythemia 38
Polymerase chain reaction 491, 518, 562, 676
test 539
Polymorphic tachycardia 637f
Polysomnography 257
Polysplenia 340
Pompe disease 550, 551f, 553f, 666, 667f
Portal system 337
Portal vein 240
Postcardiac procedure 481
Postcardiac surgery, chest X-ray in 91
Postdouble switch operation 452f
Postnatal hypoxemia, history of 33
Postnatal management 115
Post-pericadiotomy syndrome 558
Post-solid organ transplantation 608
Poststreptococcal reactive arthropathy 499
Postsurgical pulmonary arterial stenosis 424
Posturologic surgery 594
Potassium-sparing diuretics 153
Potts shunt 259
Pravastatin 610
Prazosin 598
Precapillary sphincters 25
Precapillary systemic vasculature 24
Precordium, examination of 46
Prednisone 158
Pregnancy 33, 608, 650
induced hypertension 595
termination of 568
Pressure 24
measurements 125
overload conditions, pathophysiology in 238
recordings, types of 125
Primitive aortic arches, derivative of 372t
Primitive heart tube 18
looping of 19f
PRKAG2 gene 64
Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide 534
Procalcitonin 183
Prodrome 263
Progeria 608
Proinflammatory chemokine response 483
Propafenone 143
Propranolol 136, 137, 161, 598, 653, 672
Prostacyclin 258
Prostaglandin 166, 178
administration guidelines 580b
infusion 166, 364
use of 579
Prosthetic cardiac valve 492
Prosthetic material 481
Prosthetic valve 482
endocarditis 486, 491
sounds 50
thrombosis 155
Protein energy malnourishment 678
Proteinuria 341
Prothrombin time 620
Proximal branch pulmonary arteries 416f
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 484
Pseudonormalization 357
Pulmonary
annulus 390f
artesia 84, 133, 202, 203, 215, 132, 275, 277, 326, 394, 399, 405fc, 424, 457, 458f, 459, 568
bay 87
capillary wedge pressure 125
circulation, ductal dependent 54, 166, 270
edema 36, 83, 241, 244, 253
embolism 36, 244
fibrosis 244
function tests 257
hemorrhage 179
hypertensive crisis 177
hypoplasia 400
oligemia 461
outflow tract obstruction 441
plethora 81
regurgitation 404, 412
system 472
thromboembolism 256
trunk 84
valvuloplasty 391
vasculature 81
vessels 83
Pulmonary arterial
hypertension 81, 82, 84f, 85f, 252, 255, 265, 297, 459
stenosis 424
Pulmonary arteriovenous
fistula 38, 90, 132
malformations 90
Pulmonary artery 14, 20, 36, 49, 49f, 73, 84f, 87, 90f, 97f, 115, 115f, 131, 211, 222, 222f, 237, 254f, 268, 315, 319, 345, 346b, 362, 371, 374, 383, 384f, 387, 387f, 399, 406, 435, 438, 443, 450, 462
anatomy 118
banding 220f, 454
role of 222
distal 29
isolated unilateral absence of 392
left 86, 371, 373, 378, 384, 413
mean 395
nonconfluent 132
origin 172
partial 385f
pressure 103f, 127f, 132, 252, 323
assessment of 102
proximal 21
right 313, 338, 373, 378, 413
balloon dilatation of 197f
lower 90f
shunts, role of systemic to 221
small 104f
Pulmonary blood flow 84, 87, 89, 165, 405fc, 577
decreased 81, 88f
effective 129
increased 81
Pulmonary hypertension 105, 178, 184, 239, 241, 252, 252f, 255t, 256, 256t, 259, 272, 649, 671
cause of 254f, 259
classification 252
clinical presentation 253
drug therapy 257
etiology of 259
evaluation 253
functional status in 253t
genetic testing 257
management of postoperative 178
postoperative 177
risk stratification 257
severe 194, 330f
signs of 335
Pulmonary stenosis 37, 86, 88, 116, 214, 217, 237, 269, 277, 282, 387, 392, 428, 446, 457
management of 391t
mild 388, 391
nongenetic causes for 393
particularly 231
physiology 269
severe 388, 389f
univentricular physiology with 88
Pulmonary valve 87f, 297, 387, 388f, 394, 413, 415, 453
atresia 394
balloon valvuloplasty 415
dilatation 191
ejection 50
replacement 413
Pulmonary vascular
disease 6, 280
obstructive disease 84, 273, 308, 323, 419, 421
development of 85, 316
resistance 37, 220, 300, 306, 405fc, 575
Pulmonary vasodilator 146, 147t, 177, 654
selection of 259
therapy 259, 259fc
Pulmonary vein 20, 96, 96f, 133, 256, 469, 470
embryology of 328
left 432f
right 84
upper 334
stenosis 198, 328
Pulmonary venous
angioplasty 198
congestion 34, 35, 579f
drainage, anomalies of 328
hypertension 35t, 78, 83, 83f, 86, 254f, 512f, 515f
severe 509f
signs of 83
pathway 432f
system 22
wedge angiography 133
Pulmonic stenosis 216, 447, 571, 664
Pulse
character of 42
pressure 44
rate 42
regularly irregular 42
volume 42
Pulse oximetry
capnography 171
screening 56
efficacy of 56
sensitivity of 57
Pulseless ventricular fibrillation 143
Pulsus paradoxus 42
Pulsus parvus et tardus 356
Pyogenic pericardial effusion 107
Q
Q waves 324
QRS
axis 63
complex 64f-65f
duration 64
QT syndrome, long 70, 135, 636
QTC interval 64
Quinidine 143
R
Radial pulse 41
Radiation
deterministic effects of 131
safety 131
Radiofrequency 466
Raghib syndrome 339, 339f
Ramipril 598
Rastelli
operation 435
procedure 218, 443
Red blood cells 169
Re-entrant tachyarrhythmias 627f
Reflex sinus bradycardia, severe 162
Refractory period, effective 140
Renal anomalies 566
Renal artery stenosis 237, 596
Renal concerns 180
Renal dysfunction 168, 465
Renal function tests 242
Renal infarcts 486
Renal manifestations 486
Renal perfusion, poor 240
Renal replacement therapy 181
Renal transplantation 594
Renin-angiotensin
aldosterone system 239
system 29
Renovascular disease 594
Reproductive counseling 229, 230
Respiration 170
phase of 79
Respiratory care 185
Respiratory distress 86f, 585
severe 80f, 373f
syndrome 244
Respiratory dysfunction 178
Respiratory illness, prevention of 650
Respiratory infections 273
recurrent 33, 294
Respiratory management, postoperative 178
Respiratory rate 37
Respiratory symptoms 38
Respiratory system 477
Respiratory therapists, role of 185
Respiratory tract infection, recurrent 38
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 35, 109, 542, 554, 554f, 555f
causes of 554t
secondary 554
Retinoic acid 664
Retroaortic innominate vein 338, 338f
Revised Jones criteria 498t, 597t
Rhabdomyoma 40, 56
Rheumatic aortic
regurgitation, management of 516t
valve disease 513
Rheumatic carditis 64, 499b
clinical features of 499t
Rheumatic fever 40, 487, 494, 494b, 496b, 500, 501, 502t, 503, 504fc, 505t, 597t
acute 4
epidemiological triad of 495
epidemiology of 4
etiopathogenesis of 496fc
historical landmarks of 495t
management of 503fc
natural history of 504
pathogenesis of 496
pathology of 496
treatment of 502
Rheumatic heart disease 3, 4, 106, 105f, 106f, 110, 481, 494, 495t, 496fc, 504fc, 506, 508f, 509b, 509f, 510f, 515f, 515t, 597t
multivalve 516
penicillin prophylaxis for 649
Rheumatic mitral
regurgitation, management of 513t
stenosis 510t
valve 83
Rheumatoid
diseases 669
factor 483, 669
Rhythm 42, 62
abnormal 110
disorders 571, 623
disturbances, identification of 171
Rib 90
cage 78
fracture 90
notching 90
Riboflavin 679
Ribonucleic acid 607
Rifampicin 491, 653
Right aortic arch 371, 376, 378, 381f, 382, 419
Right atrial
enlargement 65, 66f, 255f
pressure 126f
Right atrium 13, 14, 96, 124, 211, 214, 216, 223, 281, 320, 325, 336, 338, 387, 399, 400, 403, 412, 413, 440, 446, 447, 450-452, 461, 462, 553, 554, 561
morphological 95
Right carotid artery 373, 378
Right common carotid artery 362
Right coronary artery 344, 355, 439, 534
abnormal origin of 313, 348
Right coronary cusp 355
Right innominate artery 372
Right ventricle 14, 96, 214, 216, 223, 281, 298-301, 318, 320, 325, 338, 358, 383, 387, 388, 395, 400, 406, 412, 413, 421, 422, 435, 438, 440, 446, 447, 450-453, 457, 461, 462, 485, 553, 554, 561, 568
Right ventricular
activity 47
diastolic function, assessment of 102
dysplasia 108
enlargement 81
function 102f, 448
hypertrophy 66, 214, 367, 389f, 410, 412f, 428f, 676
hypoplasia 394
outflow obstruction 387
outflow tract 113, 216, 297, 318, 411, 435
continuous wave Doppler echocardiography of 413f
stenting of 203
outflow tract obstruction 294, 387, 411, 443
anatomical levels of 387
pressure 127f
systolic function, assessment of 101
Riociguat 149, 259
Ross classification 39, 40t
modified 242b
Ross procedure 358, 359
Rosuvastatin 610
Roundworm 676
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 605
Rubella 7
syndrome 40
S
Saline, excessive administration of 594
Salmonella typhi 487
Sano score 537
Sarcomeric gene mutations 550
Satoshi sato score 537
Scarlet fever 532
Scars 46f
Scimitar syndrome 255, 334, 335, 335f
Scoliosis 90
Scorpion sting envenomation 676
Secondary dyslipidemias 608
causes of 608b
Secondary hypertension 593, 594
causes of 593t
Sedation 181
Sedentary behavior, reduction of 605
Seizure 486, 594
primary 263t
Selenium 679
Selexipag 259
Senning atrial baffle procedure 453
Senning's operation 70
Sepsis 244, 583
Septal tricuspid leaflet 398
Septoparietal trabeculations 14
Sequential segmental approach 95
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor, selective 113
Serum
electrolytes 243
glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase 534, 596, 669
pyruvic transaminase 242, 596
Shagreen spots 41
Shock 33, 103
syndrome 537
Shone's complex 360
part of 105
Short stature 668
Shunt
left-to-right 84, 105, 132, 246, 253, 268
lesions 125
murmur, auscultation for 170
portosystemic 259, 341
post-tricuspid 105, 268, 269
pretricuspid 268
quantification 128
quantity of 84
right-to-left 259
Sickle cell anemia 681
Sildenafil 143, 148, 257, 587
citrate 178
Simple heart defects 648
Simvastatin 610
Single coronary artery 349
Single functional ventricle 457
Single gene
disorders 661
mutations 392
Single ventricle
palliation 220f
physiology 220t, 231, 269
Sinoatrial node 623f
Sinotubular junction 15, 388f
Sinus bradycardia 145, 640, 641f
Sinus node 17
dysfunction 643
Sinus of Valsalva 313, 313f, 316, 317, 317f, 348, 349, 354, 486
aneurysm of 313, 316, 317f
rupture of 85, 318
Sinus rhythm 62f, 64f, 66f, 68f, 255f, 544f, 637f
normal 75f
Sinus venosus 198
atrial septal defect 287f, 288f
electrocardiogram of 285f
defect 334
Situs 79
and cardiac position 80f
inversus 340
totalis 63f
solitus 80f, 83f, 88f
Six-minute walk test 74, 76f, 254
Skeletal muscle vasculature 160
Skin manifestations 485
Sleep-disordered breathing 603
Smooth muscle
cell 529, 530
disorientation of 530f
Snowman heart 331
Snowman's appearance 89, 89f
Sodium 537
bicarbonate 169
nitroprusside 174
valproate 664
Soft tissue structures 90
Sotalol 136, 137, 143
Sound 47
Specific counseling conundrums 228
Sphygmomanometry 43
Spinal muscular atrophy 681, 682
Spine 78, 90
deformities 90
Spironolactone 153, 246, 548, 598
Splenic infarcts 486
Splenic manifestations 485
Squatting 38
Standing infundibulum 15
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 532
Staphylococcus
aureus 481, 484, 562
capitis 484
epidermidis 484
Static balloon dilatation atrial septostomy 191
Statins 158
Steatorrhea 239
Stenosis 348, 388t
moderate 391
severe 391
Sternal hypoplasia 90
Sternum 11, 90
Steroid 594
pulse therapy 536
Stevens-Johnson syndrome 532
Storage disease 608
Storage disorders 666
Straight back syndrome 90
Streptococcal infection, elimination of 502
Streptococcus
mitis 484
mutans 484
oralis 484
pneumoniae 484
sanguinis 483, 484
Stretch 32
Stridor 38
Stroke 33, 39, 486, 618, 619
childhood 619t
classification of 618
hemorrhagic 618
ischemic
acute 155
arterial 618
Structural heart
defects, fetal interventions for 573
disease 543, 571
Subaortic obstruction 441
Subaortic stenosis 353
Subclavian artery 379
isolation of 382
left 15
right 362, 373, 378, 383
Subclinical carditis 498
Subcutaneous nodules 41, 500
Subendocardial purkinje network 30
Subpulmonary stenosis 447
Subpulmonic ventricular septal defect 299f
Subvalvar aortic stenosis 355
Subvalvar stenosis 358
Subvalvular pulmonary stenosis 387, 391
Suck-rest-suck cycle 35
Sucralfate 653
Sudden cardiac death 348
Sulfamethoxazole 653
Sulfhemoglobin 36
Sulfonylureas 158
Superior caval veins, embryogenesis of 337
Supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection 89f, 330f, 332f, 333f
Supra-mitral ring 360
Suprasystemic ventricular pressures 459
Supravalvar aortic stenosis 353, 355, 360
Supravalvular pulmonary stenosis 387, 392f
Supraventricular tachycardia 571, 587, 623, 627f, 628f, 635, 670
Surface electrocardiogram 30
Surgery 391
indications for 488
timing of 415
Surgical aortic valve intervention 359
Surgical aortopulmonary shunt 203
Surgical pulmonary valve implantation 204
Surgical repair 368
Susceptibility-weighted imaging 620
Sweating 39
Swiss Cheese septum 222
Syncardia 225
Syncope 39, 60, 262
autonomic 262, 264
cardiovascular 264
causes of 262, 262fc
clinical approach to 264
clinical features 263
convulsive 263
etiopathogenesis 263
investigations 263
neurocardiogenic 262
physical examination 265
recurrent 263
reflex 262
treatment 264
Syndromic children 231
Synkoptein 262
Systemic arterial tree 15
Systemic arteriovenous fistula 44
Systemic blood flow, effective 129
Systemic endothelial injury 173
Systemic hypertension 591
Systemic hypoperfusion 582
Systemic hypotension 587
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 170, 210
Systemic lupus erythematosus 41, 608, 669
Systemic vascular resistance 38, 238, 300
Systemic vasculitis 593
Systemic vein 337, 469
stenosis 197
Systemic venous
anomalies 337
dilatation 84
hypertension 459
pathway 432f
system 21
valve 20
Systemic ventricular dysfunction 138
Systolic dysfunction 174, 175
therapy for 174
Systolic ventricular
dysfunction, classification of 237fc
interdependence 174
T
Tachyarrhythmia 32, 36, 176, 248, 264, 400f, 402, 545f, 623, 630f, 633f, 635t, 676
acute management of 137
classification of 624fc
mechanism of 625f
supraventricular 632t
re-entrant 401
treatment of 135
Tachycardia 40b, 173, 248, 571, 626f, 673
catecholamine-induced 167
supraventricular 71f
Tachycardiomyopathy 542, 543, 583
Tachypnea 40b, 241, 244, 577
Tadalafil 148, 257
Taenia solium 676
Takayasu arteritis 393, 670
Tandem mass spectrometry 545
Target blood pressure 597
Taussig-Bing malformation 443
Tele-echocardiography 116
Tension pneumothorax 80
Teratogenicity 277t
Tetralogy of Fallot 83, 87, 88f, 105, 123, 136, 214, 214f, 216, 228, 268, 272, 275, 305, 313, 329, 338f, 344, 351, 387, 410, 412f, 413f, 415, 416f, 424, 440f, 441, 462f, 485f, 569f, 571, 582f, 659, 673
repair 120
Thalassemia major 680
Thebesian veins 13
Theophylline 180
Therapeutic hypothermia 181
Thiamine 679
Thiazide 152
diuretics 152
Thoracic dimension 80
Thoracic duct injury 179
Thoracic spine, upper 90
Thoracoscopic procedures, video-assisted 311
Thoracotomy
indications, left anterior 46
posterolateral 210f
Thorax 90
Threadworm 676
Thrombocytopenia 156
Thrombosis 106
Thyroid
disorders 677
function tests 243
stimulating hormone 183
Thyrotoxicosis 238
Tissot spirometer 73
Tissue
plasminogen activator 155, 183, 466
types of 24
Todd's paresis 620
Torsades de pointes 636f
Total anomalous pulmonary venous
communication 272
connection 84, 104, 123, 132, 166, 207, 275, 328, 330f-333f, 336, 570, 577
classification of 329t
repair 218
types of 218f
return 277
Total cavopulmonary anastomosis 178
Total parenteral nutrition 466
Total pulmonary
blood flow 129
resistance 130
Tourette syndrome 566
Toxic
exposure 277t
shock syndrome 532
Toxoplasma gondii 676
Trabecula septomarginalis 438, 440
Trabecular extension 292
Trabecular portion 15
Trachea 373, 375, 378, 382, 385
Tracheoesophageal fistula 566
Traditional holter, placement of 69f
Tranexamic acid 183
Transcatheter
balloon valvuloplasty 194
device closure 288f
interventions 190, 424
pulmonary valve placement 424
replacement 205
Transesophageal echocardiogram 287f, 288f
Transient ischemic attack 39
Transitional counseling 229
Transthoracic echocardiogram 296, 298f, 375
Transverse arch hypoplasia 367f
Treadmill 72
test 534, 535
Treprostinil 258
Trichuris trichiura 676
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 173
Tricuspid annulus 399
Tricuspid atresia 63, 88, 88f, 275, 458f, 461f, 583f, 664
Tricuspid leaflet, posterior 398
Tricuspid pouch 325
Tricuspid regurgitation 102, 103f, 282
Tricuspid valve 14, 89, 96, 98, 104f, 111, 224, 288, 291, 297, 320f, 395, 432, 440, 450, 457, 485f, 557f, 625f
disease 515
Ebstein anomaly of 398
endocarditis 107f
repair 454
septal leaflet of 292
severe 394f
Tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane 169
Trisomy syndromes 410
Trivial aortic regurgitation 299f
Tropheryma whipplei 484, 491
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia 676
Truncal valve
regurgitation 419
stenosis 419
Truncus arteriosus 18, 21, 218, 318, 351, 362, 367, 367f, 371, 418-420, 420fc, 421, 422f, 423f, 425, 577, 665
Trusler's rule 222
Trypanosoma cruzi 676
Tuberculosis 620, 670, 674
Tuberculous pericardial effusion 107
Tuberous sclerosis 40, 41, 661
Tumor 594
necrosis factor-alpha 529
Turner syndrome 369, 659
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 573
U
Uhl's anomaly 582
Ultrasonography 594, 596, 610
Unfractionated heparin 621, 654
Univentricular heart 457, 457b, 459b, 460, 461, 462f, 481
clinical features of 459, 460t
pathophysiology of 459
Univentricular repair 406, 454
Universal pulse oximetry screening 57
Unoperated defects 648
Upper airway diseases 253
Upper body venous return, anomalies of 337
Upper limb 44
Urinary tract infection, recurrent 591
Urine output 180
V
VACTERL association 662
Valentine heart 12
Valproic acid 277
Valvar aortic stenosis 353, 354
Valvar pulmonary stenosis 86
Valvar stenosis 358
Valve regurgitation, congenital 274
Valve sparing repair 415
Valvular aortic stenosis 86, 86f
Valvular dysfunction 488
Valvular heart disease 105
Valvular pulmonary stenosis 86f, 387
moderate-severe 391
Valvular regurgitation, severe 573
Valvulitis 484
Valvuloplasty 191
Van Praagh classification 419, 419f
Vanillylmandelic acid 596
Vardinal vein, right anterior 22
Vascular access 124
Vascular anomaly 384
Vascular communications, closure of abnormal 203
Vascular phenomenon 487
Vascular resistance 129
Vascular ring 371, 372, 374
after surgery, outcome of 384
anatomical subtypes of 374
certain rules of 374
Vascular sling 371, 384
Vascular smooth muscle cell 306
Vascular structures 83
dilatation of 195
Vasculopathy 619
Vasoactive medicines 175t
Vasodilator 246
test, acute 255, 256
Vasopressin 174, 175
Vein of Galen malformation 255, 573
Vein
cardinal 19
umbilical 19
vitelline 19
Velocardiofacial syndrome 418
Vena cava 115f
inferior 14, 95, 96, 102, 103f, 115, 124, 211, 214, 216, 256
superior 14, 15, 95, 115, 115f, 124, 197, 214, 216, 281, 288, 329, 332f, 399, 406, 419, 453, 463f, 469
Vena contracta 105
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory 669
Venosus system, development of 22f
Venous thrombosis 156
Ventilation 175, 241
monitoring of 587
positive-pressure 175
Ventilatory anaerobic threshold 72
Ventricular assist device 225, 249, 275
Ventricular conduction pathways 623f
Ventricular dysfunction 110, 542, 545f
Ventricular end-diastolic
pressure 132
volume 25f
Ventricular failure 459
Ventricular function 110
Ventricular hypertrophy 459
Ventricular hypoplasia 326
Ventricular loop 95
Ventricular myocardium
abnormalities of 542
initiates 27
Ventricular outflow tract obstruction 439
Ventricular pre-excitation 66
Ventricular septal defect 37, 49, 84, 103f, 105f, 123, 200, 212f, 228, 269, 291, 292, 295f-298f, 308, 325f, 336, 362, 372, 400, 410, 413f, 418, 435, 438-440, 440f, 441f, 442, 447, 452f, 461, 571, 576, 646, 659, 664, 677
classification of 292
large 79f, 85f
malaligned 293
midmuscular 301f
moderate-to-large 294
natural history of 293
noncommitted 441-443
subaortic 440
Ventricular septum 12, 292
Ventricular systole 14
Ventricular tachycardia 143, 589f, 627f, 628f, 635
Ventricular topology 471
Ventriculoarterial
connections 96, 469, 471
discordance 217f, 452f
Ventriculoinfundibular fold 440
Verapamil 144
Vertebral bodies 78, 79
Vertebral defects 566
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy 605
Very low-density lipoprotein 606
Vescicoureteral reflux 596
Viral infection, assessment of 521
Viral myocarditis 33, 544
Visceral situs solitus 338
Vital signs 356, 420
Vitamin
A 277
C 680
S deficiency 235
Volcano type valve 355
Volume overload 448
Vomiting 146, 152
Voriconazole 158, 653
W
Warfarin 157, 158
doses of 158t
Wearable technology 70
Werdnig-Hoffmann disease 682
Werner syndrome 608
Whip worm 676
White blood cell 184
White coat hypertension 592
concept of 592
Williams syndrome 354, 356, 392, 571, 594, 653, 660, 661f
Williams-Beuren syndrome 392
Wilson and Jungner's principles 55b
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 49, 64, 67, 635, 667
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome 660, 661f
Worsening renal functions 241
Wound care 652
Wuchereria bancrofti 676
Y
Yolk sac, draining 22
Z
Z scores 549
Zidovudine 674
Zinc 679
deficiency 679
×
Chapter Notes

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