A
Acesulfame-K 399
Acetohexamide 42
Acetyl hydrolase 125
Acinetobacter baumannii 355
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 368
Adaptive immunity, impairment of 349
Adipose stromatolite cells, primary 291
Adrenal suppression 333
Advantame 399
Adverse cardiac events, major 218
Aerobic activity 433
Agents promotes insulin, group of 412
Alendronate 330
Alirocumab 196
Alpha-cell resistance 75
Alpha-fetoprotein 285
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 441
American College of Endocrinology Guidelines 126
American College of Rheumatology 329
Amlodipine 261
Amylin production, reductions in 94
Anaphylactoid purpura, nephritis of 249
Anemia 448
Anesthetic agent, types of 371
Angiotensin-aldosterone system 32
Angiotensinogen 252fc
Ankle-brachial index 435
Anorexia 264
Anticitrullinated peptide 323
Antidiabetic medication 410
Antidiabetic therapy 196
Antidiuretic hormone 172
Antigen-presenting cells 348
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy 31
Antihyperglycemic medication 193
Antihypertensive drug treatment, bedtime dosing of 446
Antihypertensive therapy 178
Antihypertensive treatment 440t
Antimicrobial peptides 344
Antinuclear antibody 323
Antiretroviral therapy 363
Anti-tumor necrosis factor 326
Apoprotein B 183
Apoptosis, rates of 290
Arterial baroreceptors 171
Ascorbic acid 10
Asthma 353
Atherosclerosis 180
Atrial function, impaired 207
Attempting optimal renin–angiotensin blockade 177
Augment glucagon 55
Autoimmune associations 309
Autoimmune diseases 368
Autonomic tone, impaired 207
Autophagolysosome, formation of 41
Autophagosome, formation of 41
Autophagy-related proteins 41
Avascular bone necrosis 331
Azathioprine 326
B
B cells, activated 249
Bacterial infections 93
Bacteroides fragilis 355
Balancing exercise 430
Baricitinib 327
Baroreceptor reflexes 171
Benzodiazepines 371
Beta-cell 38
adaptation 37
apoptosis 39
autophagy 40
compensation 37
death 39
decompensation 38
dedifferentiation 75
development of 34
necroptosis 39
pyroptosis 40
Betamethasone 328
Biguanide 34
Biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs 326
Bladder cancer 288
Bleeding, history of 448
cardiovascular regulation of 171
physiology of 171
evidence for 167
effect on 392
endothelial regulation of 174
high 446
management 440
nonpharmacological interventions on 445t
optimization 450
reduction of 431
target 442
Body fat, percentage 32
Bowman's capsule 248
Bromocriptine 88
Bronchitis, chronic 353
Brown adipose fat, mitochondrial dysfunction in 27
Burkholderia pseudomallei 342
C
Cachexia 264
Calcium handling, impaired 205
Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease 322
Cancer
development of 292
mortality 288
risk of developing 285
screening and surveillance 299
type of 297
with antidiabetes medication, risk of 296
Candesartan 270
Candida albicans 348
Capillary basal membrane 222
Capillary blood glucose 1
Capsular drop lesion 248
Carbamylated hemoglobin 412
Carbohydrate 385
Carboxy-terminal telopeptide 209
Cardiac failure, congestive 413
Cardiac injury, biomarkers of 267
Cardiac lipotoxicity 205
Cardiac treadmill stress test 217
Cardiomyocyte 205
Cardiovascular adverse events 331
Cardiovascular complication 428
Carotid intimal medial thickness 192
Cell, large 293
Cellular immunity 350
Cellular insulin signaling 31
Cellular receptors 344
Central adiposity 266
Cereals-Savory foods 385
Charcot's neuroarthropathy 318
Chemoattractant protein-1 316
Chikungunya disease 362
Child–Pugh score parameters 423t
Chlamydophila pneumonia 353
Chlorpropamide 42
Chorionic embryonic antigen 285
Clindamycin 93
Clostridial infections 359
Clostridium difficile 93
Cochrane's meta-analysis 262
Cockcroft and Gault equation 264
Collaborative atorvastatin diabetes study 132
Colony-forming units 94
Colorectal adenomas 294
Common adverse effects 326f
Community-acquired pneumonia 353
Complement system 348
Complete alternate days fasting 395
Confer renoprotection 410
Connective tissue disease 321
Conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs 326
Copeptin 267
Coronary atherosclerotic plaque, pathology of 183
Coronavirus, entry of 366
Cortisone 328
C-peptide levels 152
Cushing's syndrome 156
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 48
Cyclosporine 327
Cystatin C 265
Cytochrome complex 252
Cytomegalovirus 350
D
Dash diet 397
Delivery at birth, method of 92
Dexamethasone 328
cardiovascular risk in 255
complication 432
control of 409
diagnostic cut-off of 409
high risk for developing 4
in young, approach to 156fc
lowering therapy 372
management of 410
measuring renal function in 263
pathophysiology of 18
risk factors to 368
types of 150
uncontrolled 410
Diabetic foot infections 354
Diabetic paradox 176
Diabetic retinopathy 270
Diastolic dysfunction 218
Diclofenac 309
Didanosine 363
Dietary cholesterol 187
Disaccharide, type of 389
Disharmonious quartet 47
Dopamine blockade, therapeutic role of 88
Dysglycemia 433
E
Ejection fraction 218
Electrolyte abnormalities 260
Elevated plasma triglycerides 22
Endocytosis 265
Endometrium 287
Endothelial function, impaired 207
Enhanced gluconeogenesis 74
Enterobacter cloacae 355
Enterococcus faecalis 355
Epigenetic modifications 254
Epithelial cells 344
Epithelial sodium channel 173
Erectile dysfunction 190
Erythropoietin therapy 412
Escherichia coli 348
Esophagus 287
Estrogens 291
Etoricoxib 309
European Association for Study of Diabetes 169
European League against Rheumatism 329
European Societies of Hypertension 169
Evogliptin 413
Evolocumab 196
Exosomes, dysregulation of 207
Extracellular fluid volume 173
Extracellular matrix 251
F
Fasting glucose, impaired 4
Fasting hyperglycemia 22
Fasting regimens, modified 395
Fenofibrate 438
Fiber, amount of 389
Fibrinogen 189
Fibrocalcific pancreatic diabetes 154
First-line antihypertensive therapy 257
Flavin adenine dinucleotide 25
Flexibility exercise 430
Fluid accumulation 413
Food processing 391
Food-refining processes 388
Foot processes, effacement of 248
Forkhead box-containing protein O 21
Fournier's gangrene 360
Frequent glucose monitoring 420
Fried food 295
Fructosamine 7
Functional insulin receptor 182
Fungal infections 348
Fusobacterium nucleatum 294
G
Galectin-3 209
Gallbladder 287
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 17
Gas-forming infections 359
Gastric cardia 287
Gastrointestinal cancers 297
Gene defect, specific 152
Glomerular basement membrane 248
Glomerular filtration rate, assessing 265
Glomerulosclerosis 251
Glucometer device 8
Gluconeogenesis 27
Glucose
monitoring 417
oxidation 30
phosphorylation 30
reader 10
sensor 10
tolerance, impaired 4
transport of 21
transporter 23
utilization, reduced 205
Glucose-6-phosphate, inhibition of 347
Glucose-agonist substance 74
Glucose-fatty acid cycle 49
Glucosidase inhibitors 422
Glucotoxicity 204
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 148
Glyburide 42
Glycated albumin 7
Glycemic load 387
Glycemic management 407
Glycemic status optimization 449
Glycogenesis 27
Glycosuria 285
Granular cells 344
Growth factor binding protein 290
Guanosine triphosphate 26
Gut bacteria, altered 294
H
Haemophilus influenzae 353
Healthy metabolic response 31
Healthy β-cell 34
and stroke 161
biomarker for predicting 215
classification of 201
glycemic targets in 211
natriuretic peptides in 216t
risk factors for 201
subclinical 188
treatment for 200
Helicobacter pylori 294
Helsinki heart study 133
Hemodynamic factors 250
Hemolysis 412
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 324
Hemorrhage, intracerebral 220
Hemorrhagic stroke 219
Hepatic encephalopathy 423
Hepatic insulin resistance 27
Hickam's dictum 321
High low-density lipoprotein 121
High pressure liquid chromatography 6
High-intensity exercise 430
High-molecular-weight isoform 22
High-pressure baroreceptors 171
Histone acetyltransferases 254
Hodgkin's lymphoma 287
Hormone-sensitive lipase 48
Host cells 366
Human gut microbiome 294
Human immunodeficiency virus 363
Human serum albumin 7
Humoral immunity 349
Hydrocortisone 328
Hydrophilic molecule 21
Hydroxychloroquine 326
Hyperaldosteronism, primary 447
Hyperglucagonemia 74
Hyperglycemic emergencies 416
Hyperglycemic exposure 12
Hyperinsulinemia 291
Hyperinsulinemic response 31
Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp 32
Hyperkalemia 217
guidelines, treatment of 256
optimal treatment trial 444
secondary 447
systolic 257
treatment strategies for 443t
Hyperthyroidism 156
Hypertriglyceridemic states 133
Hypoglycemic episode 12
Hypotension 260
Hypothalamus 78
Hypothyroidism, primary 148
I
Iatrogenic hypocortisolism 333
Ideal exercise regimen 432
Immunomodulators adverse effects 326f
Indinavir 363
Inducible nitric oxide synthase 40
Infant feeding 93
and fibrosis pathways, biomarkers of 267
chronic low-grade 182
subclinical 266
systemic low-grade 88
Inflammatory bowel diseases 312
Inflammatory mediators 22
Inflammatory suppression 175
Inhibit cell growth 290
Innate immunity, impairment of 345
Insoluble dietary fibers 389
Insomnia 333
analogs 299
binds 20f
delivery 420
like growth factor 290
long-acting 420
pumps 417
response ratio 33
signal, abnormal 204
tolerance test 33
biochemical indices of 32
clinical indices of 32
development of 316
intervention 36
metformin for 35
stages of 206
Intensive care unit 342
Intensive glycemic control 262
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 132
Ipragliflozin 87
Iron deficiency anemia 412
Ischemic disease 132
Ischemic stroke, risk of 225
Isoflurane 371
Isoniazid 326
L
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus 94
Laparoscopic procedures 372
Latent tuberculosis infection 327
Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase 125
Leflunomide 326
Legionella pneumophila 353
Leprechaunism 154
Leukemia 287
Leukocyte recruitment inhibition 347
Life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis 150
components 437
lowering arm 132
lowering therapy 435t
management 433
metabolism in diabetes, pathophysiology of 122
parameters 193
effect on 392
profile optimization 450
targets 126t
Lipodystrophic diabetes 154
Lipotoxicity 47
Liver 54
cancer 288
disease 421
and diabetes 422
chronic 421
enzymes, abnormal 422
mitochondrial dysfunction in 27
Low birth weight 156
Low-intensity exercise 430
Low-pressure baroreceptors 172
Lung disease 353
Lupus nephritis 249
Lynch syndrome 293
M
Maladaptive immune modulation 206
Malaria 364
Mannan-binding protein 348
Mannose-binding lectin 348
Matsuda–Defronzo insulin sensitivity index 33
McAuley index 33
Mediterranean diet 397
Medtronic diabetes 11
Melanoma 287
Mental performance, effect on 393
Metabolic pathway 20
Metabolism, reduced 177
Methylases 254
Methylprednisolone 328
Metoprolol 261
Microsomal transport protein 123
Mineral malnutrition 396
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist 213
Mitochondrial electron transport chain 253
Mitochondrial fatty acid 205
Mitochondrial function, understanding biology of 25
Mitochondrial generation 205
Mitochondrial membrane fusion 26
Mitochondrial pathway 39
Mitochondrial responses 78
Monosaccharide, type of 388
Monotherapy group 408
Morganella morganii 355
Motogen-activated protein 290
Multiple myeloma 287
Multisystem disorder 313
Muscle-related disorders 311fc
Musculoskeletal adverse effects 329
Musculoskeletal diseases 310
Mycophenolate mofetil 326
Mycoplasma pneumonia 353
Myocardial dysfunction 188
Myocardial insulin resistance 31
Myocardial ischemia reduction 132
N
Naprosyn 309
Nateglinide 46
National Institute of Clinical Excellence 169
Natriuresis 174
Neotame 399
Neurocognitive adverse events, risk of 196
Neuropathy 410
Neutral protamine hagedorn 414
Neutrophil
degranulation 346
dysfunction 346
extracellular traps 346
gelatinase-associated lipocalin 268
Newer angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors 213
Nocturnal hypertension, consequences of 171
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 422
Non-diabetic kidney disease, diagnosis of 249
Nonesterified fatty acid 48
Nonfatal myocardial infarction, reduction for 271
Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli 352
Non-nutritive sweeteners 398
Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 198
Nonvegetarian diet 296
Normoalbuminuria 273
Normoalbuminuric diabetic kidney disease 255
N-terminal kinase 23
Nucleosomal histone proteins 254
Nutrition intake, status of 386
O
Obstructive sleep apnea 202
Omega-3 fatty acid icosapent ethyl 439
Onychomycosis 356
Ophthalmologic adverse effects 332
Optimal renin–angiotensin system blockade 268
Optimizing glucose-lowering therapy 415
Oral medications 410
Osteoarthritis 311
Osteoprotegerin 318
Ovarian cancer 287
Ovary and breast 287
Oxidases 205
P
Paleo diet 396
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 24
Pancreatic autoantibodies 152
Pancreoprivic diabetes 155
Paracrinopathy 75
Paraoxonase-1 deficiency 25
Peripheral arterial disease 200
Peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction 173
Peripheral neuropathy 432
Peripheral tissue 17
Perpetuate insulin resistance 23f
Phagophore, formation of 41
Phenylketonuria 398
Pheochromocytoma 156
Phialophora europaea 355
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 24
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase 290
Phosphotyrosine-binding 19
Physical performance, effect on 394
Pickled food 295
Pitavastatin 436
Platelet reactivity 181
Pneumococcal infection 357
Pneumocystis jirovecii 326
Pneumonia 342
Podocyte apoptosis 252
Polyarthritis 322
Polydipsia 285
Polymerase chain reaction 364
Polyol pathway flux 223
Polyuria 285
Poor dietary habits 187
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis 249
Pramlintide 94
Pravastatin 128
Prediabetes 196
Prednisolone 328
Prednisone 328
Predominant albuminuria 263
Pre-exercise assessment 432t
Pressure natriuresis 173
Progressive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 122
Progressive kidney disease, risk of 446
Proinflammatory immune cells 206
Promoting insulin sensitivity 413
Proprotein convertase subtilisin 436
Prostanoids 250
Proteus mirabilis 355
Prothrombotic state 181
Proximal tubular proteins 268
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 355
Psychiatric and cognitive disturbances 333
Pulmonary vessels 172
R
Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome 154
Radiologic imaging 323
Randle cycle 49
Rectal cancer 287
Rectum 287
Red blood cells 412
Reduced aldosterone secretion 174
Regimens, types of 395
Renal arterial pressure 173
Renal benefits 66
Renal complications 323
Renal damage 249
Renal failure, acute 342
Renal glomerular filtration 265
Renal injury, pathogenesis of 250
Renal manifestations 324t
Renal pressure natriuresis 173
Renal regulation 173
Renal system 54
Renal tubule 212
Repaglinides 45
Resistance exercise 430
Resistant hypertension 447
Respiratory diseases, chronic 353
Respiratory tract infections, lower 352
Rheumatological disorders 324
Risedronate 330
Rituximab 326
S
Saccharin 399
Salicylic acid 10
Salmonella infections 360
Salt regulation 173
SARS-COV-2, pathology of 368
Scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial 132
Seasonal influenza 360
Secretory stimuli 74
Sensitive C-reactive protein 138t
Sex hormone-binding globulin 289
SGLT-2 inhibitor, mechanism of action of 79t
Sicca syndrome, primary 249
Simvastatin-ezetimibe group 195
Sjögren's syndrome 324
Skeletal disorders 311fc
Sleep, effect on 393
Small vessel stroke 219
Smoked food 295
Smoking 293
Sodium retention 207
Sodium-hydrogen exchanger 173
Soft-tissue disorders 311fc
Solanum tuberosum 391
Soluble dietary fibers 389
Somatostatin 74
Squamous cell 293
Stavudine 363
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 355
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 30
Steviol glycosides 398
Stimulating cell cycle 292
Stress thallium 217
Strict glycemic control 411
antidiabetes drugs in 223
effect on 393
fatal 162
nonfatal 162
pathophysiology of 222
patterns of 219
prevention 225
Strongyloides stercoralis infection 364
Suboptimized blood pressure control, consequences of 170
Sucralose 399
Sugar sweeteners 398
Sulfasalazine 326
Superoxide anion 252
Surgery influence glycemic control, anesthetic agent of 370
Surgical procedure, types of 371
Sweet urine 285
Syncope 260
Systematic coronary risk evaluation 192
Systemic vasculitis 249
Systolic dysfunction 258
T
T lymphocytes 317
Tachyarrhythmias 210
Tacrolimus 327
Takayasu's arteritis 324
Therapeutic diabetes guidelines 213
Thiazides 258
Tinea pedis 356
T-lymphocytes 184
Tofacitinib 327
Tolazamide 42
Tolbutamide 42
Total hip bone mineral density 330
Toxoplasma gondii infection 364
Transient albuminuria 263
Transient renal ischemia 174
Trepman's modifications 320t
Triamcinolone 328
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis 251
Type 2 diabetes mellitus 1, 4, 17, 44, 61, 73, 88, 98, 121, 127, 149–152, 152t, 158, 162, 176, 182, 200, 203, 219, 275, 289, 309, 324, 341, 365, 372, 383, 407, 410, 421, 429, 448
and cancer 288
and immune dysregulation 344
association of 180
blood pressure in 440t
cancer development in 290f
defects of immune system in 351f
development of 19fc
history of 428
lipid
abnormalities in 434
profile in 134
nutrition therapy in 385
pathogenesis of 76f
prevention of 448
primary prevention of 439t
risk factors in 428
U
Ultra-processed foods 296
Ultrashort-acting insulins 414
Uric acid 209
Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 268
Ursodeoxycholic acid 424
V
Valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 358
Valsartan 270
Valvular heart disease 203
Varicella zoster virus 363
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 89
Vegetarian diet 296
Very-low density lipoprotein 438
Viral entry blocking antibodies, role of 366
Visceral adiposity 182
Voglibose 96
Volatile anesthetic agents 371
von Willebrand factor 180
W
Wagner classification system 354
Waist-to-height ratio 32
Waist-to-hip ratio 32
White adipose fat, mitochondrial dysfunction in 27
Wolfram syndrome 155
Wrist circumference 32