Background: In the present era, demand of beauty and esthetics has increased rapidly. Interdental papilla (IDP) construction, especially in the esthetic area, is one of the most challenging tasks. Interdental papilla loss might occur due to several reasons as a consequence of periodontal surgery or trauma. Aims and objectives: The present study aimed to prepare economically feasible injectable form of hyaluronic acid gel (HA) in three different concentrations—HA 1%, 2%, and 5% to evaluate its efficacy in the augmentation of IDP. Materials and methods: Total 14 sites were selected with 6 sites (1% HA), 3 sites (2% HA), and 5 sites (5% HA), respectively, for the IDP reconstruction in 18–40 years of age group of both the sexes. Hyaluronic acid was injected at 2 mm apical to tip of papilla for continuous 3 weeks. The IDP augmentation was measured at a time interval of 1, 3, and 6 months using stent with UNC15 probe and photographic analysis was done using Image J software. Results and conclusion: From the results of this case series, 5% HA has shown both clinical and photographic improvements, which can be dependable for papillary enhancement.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the efficacy of rotary ProTaper retreatment (PTR) files, ProTaper universal (PTU) files, ProTaper next (PTN) file system, Mtwo retreatment (Mtwo R) files, and hand Hedstrom files in the removal of filling materials from the root canal system of extracted human mandibular first premolars. Materials and methods: Seventy-five human mandibular first premolars were collected, stored, and cleaned. Standardization of all specimens was done to 15 mm length. All specimens were prepared upto F3 size using the PTU file system and obturated with F3 gutta-percha using an mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) fillapex sealer. After coronal sealing, all teeth were stored for 1 week and then divided into five groups of 15 teeth each based on the retreatment file system used: group I—Hedstrom files, group II—PTR, group III—PTU, group IV—PTN, and group V—Mtwo R. Time taken for retreatment in each group was noted. After retreatment, all teeth were longitudinally sectioned, imaged under stereomicroscope, and scored. Data analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Results: ProTaper retreatment files showed significantly less residual filling material in the coronal third, whereas PTN files showed significantly less residual filling material in the middle and apical third as compared with other file systems. The PTN file system took significantly less time in removing root filling material as compared with other file systems. Conclusion: None of the file systems showed complete removal of root filling material after retreatment. ProTaper retreatment files were most efficient in the coronal third, whereas PTN files were most efficient in the middle and apical third. ProTaper next took the least retreatment time. Clinical significance: Irrespective of the file system used, root filling material is left behind, which may lead to failure of the treatment, and so an efficient retreatment file system is required.

Objectives: To evaluate the apical extrusion of debris during removal of the root canal filling material by H-files, ProTaper retreatment (PTR) files, and Mtwo retreatment (MtwoR) files with and without the use of a solvent. Materials and methods: Ninety extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were used. All the teeth were prepared with ProTaper universal files (Dentsply Maillefer) up to size F3 and obturated using a F3 gutta-percha cone with an AH 26 sealer. After 1 week, the teeth were divided into three groups based on the retreatment file systems used. Each group was divided into subgroups I and II based on whether a solvent was used or not, group IA (H-file with solvent); group IB (H-file without solvent); group IIA (PTR with solvent); group IIB (PTR without solvent); group IIIA (MtwoR with solvent); group IIIB (Mtwo without solvent), and the retreatment procedure was carried out. The debris extruded was collected in Eppendorf tubes and the mean weight of debris extruded was measured. Data were analyzed using the t test and one-way ANOVA. Results: The MtwoR files resulted in less debris extrusion followed by the PTR files and then the H-files with significant difference between all the groups. Irrespective of the file system used, the use of a solvent resulted in significantly less debris extrusion. Conclusion: None of the file systems could avoid apical extrusion of debris during retreatment but the MtwoR files produced significantly less debris extrusion compared to the other two groups. The use of a solvent significantly reduced debris extrusion. Clinical significance: Postoperative complications after endodontic retreatment vary with the type of file system used and also with the use of a solvent.

Objectives: We examined the effects of storage in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), low-fat milk, soy milk, and aloe vera extract on the clonogenic capacity of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was used as control. Materials and methods: Human teeth that are extracted for the orthodontic purpose were collected and the periodontal ligament tissue was cultured. Cultured experimental PDL cells were exposed to different experimental solutions for 24 hours. To evaluate the clonogenic capacity of the stored cells, cells were inoculated into 96-well plates at a concentration of one viable cell/well. For each tested group, 96 replicates were plated and grown for 3 weeks in a culture medium at 37°C in humidified air containing 7% CO₂. Under these conditions, discrete colonies arising from a single cell that covered 70–100% of the well were counted under light microscopy (×200). The percentage of cells with clonogenic capacity was calculated as the number of colonies formed/number of cells seeded × 100. Thus, the clonogenic capacity reflected the likelihood that each colony arose from a single cell. The experiments for 2 and 8 hours were repeated three times (three 96-well plates), and for 24 hours, five times (five 96-well plates). Results: The highest clonogenic capacities were found in cells stored in HBSS (15.3 ± 1.15) and aloe vera extract (12.3 ± 2.5) followed by low-fat milk (10.3 ± 1.5). Soy milk showed least clonogenic capacity (3.6 ± 1.5). The Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, HBSS, and aloe vera showed similar statistical significance (p = 0.092). Conclusion: Highest clonogenic capacity was found in cells stored in HBSS, aloe vera extract, and low-fat milk. Soy milk showed least clonogenic capacity.

The implantology field has been a center of interest for several clinicians, teachers, and students globally. Amidst these fast-moving tissues, the terminologies for peri-implant measurements and the standard concept of measurement guidelines remain obscure and compromised. Unfortunately, the pioneering implantologists have not made an adequate attempt to address the existing deficiencies in guidelines, terminologies, and measurements pertaining to peri-implant tissues in health and disease. There is a lack of consistency across definitions of peri-implant osteitis in the literature, and the diagnostic criteria are not clear. Most of the published strategies for peri-implant osteitis therapy are mainly based on treatments used for teeth with periodontitis. The required platform to diagnose, classify, treat and comprehensive terminologies are the need of the hour in the implant related world. Hence, an attempt is made in this paper to briefly address the peri-implant-related clinical measurements, peri-implant disease classification, and its treatment strategies.