This study was carried out to determine the level of awareness about the importance of oral health in hemophilic children and their caretakers as well as to examine the oral condition in children with hemophilia and compare them to general population.

A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the city of Davangere. The study consists of total 100 children which were divided into group I —children having hemophilia (n = 50) and group II—normal healthy children (n = 50) of age 3 to 18 years. The oral cavity of both the groups was examined to assess to detect presence of any hard and soft tissue anomalies. By interviewing the parents of hemophilic patients, their demographic data, family history, and knowledge and understanding of value of oral health were assessed. Data were analyzed by chi-square and student’s unpaired t-test.

No significant difference in the presence of oral anomalies in both the groups was observed.

The study concluded that there is no major difference in the prevalence of dental abnormalities in hemophilic and healthy children. Also, educating the mass about oral health and maintenance is as important as treating the hemophilic patient for oral diseases.

Nagaveni NB, Yadav S, Poornima P, Bharath KP, Mathew MG, Shruthi AS. Occurrence of Dental Abnormalities in Hemophilic Patients in the City of Davangere, Karnataka, India. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):1-5.

To create awareness among the parents (mothers) about early childhood caries (ECC), to provide information, and to check knowledge about oral hygiene measures.

A total of 382 children aged 3 to 6 years were examined from play homes and schools in Davangere, Karnataka, India, by the modified International Caries Detection and Assessment System criteria. A questionnaire was given to all the mothers of the examined children to fill in the details to create awareness among mother’s oral hygiene measures. The collected data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 17.0 software) to assess the prevalence of ECC and knowledge regarding ECC among mothers.

About 64.7% of mothers clean their child’s mouth after feeding, 40.1% started practicing oral hygiene at the age of 12 months and practiced oral hygiene twice a day.

Results show that mothers were quite aware of oral hygiene measures. They know about the proper way of toothbrushing and also about the frequency of brushing.

Neena IE, Poornima P, Singh Y, Bahanan AA, Meghana SB. A Survey regarding Maternal Awareness about Oral Hygiene and Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in 3- to 6-year-old Children in Davangere, Karnataka, India. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):6-8.

Tobacco usage in any form has devastating effects on the health of the person including oral and pharyngeal cancer, which is one of the major causes of death.

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco consumption in various forms among dental outpatients.

Patients reporting to the outpatient department of the College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Bengaluru, India, were evaluated for the presence or absence of habit. Habit history was recorded using standardized proforma from every patient, and the obtained data was assessed in relation to age, gender, duration of habit, and frequency of tobacco consumption.

Among the 507 study participants, habits were present in 115 (22.68%), among which 101 (87.82%) were males and 14 (12.17%) were females. Among males, raw tobacco chewing and gutkha chewing had equal prevalence [25 (21.73%)] followed by cigarette smoking [23 (20%)]. In females, tobacco chewing [10 (8.69%)] was the most common habit and none of them smoked tobacco. Habits were more prevalent between the age group of 16 and 30 years. The results were found to be highly significant on applying chi-square test.

Higher prevalence of tobacco usage among the study population as compared with other studies needs to be addressed and counseled.

Diliprao PP, Madhushankari GS, Mohankumar KP, Praveen SB, Chandrappa PR, Nandini DB. Prevalence of Tobacco Habits in Dental Outpatients. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):9-11.

The success of the root canal treatment mainly depends upon the three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system. The purpose of this study is to compare the sealing ability of biodentine, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and glass ionomer cement (GIC).

Teeth were obturated with gutta-percha using AH PLUS sealer in all groups. The intracanal sealing material used in group I was GIC, group II was MTA, and group III was biodentine. The specimens were longitudinally sectioned. Coronal microleakage was determined under a stereomicroscope using 15× magnification. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc multiple comparisons (Bonferroni).

Biodentine group leaked significantly less than the GIC group (p < 0.05). The sealing ability of biodentine was better than that of MTA, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Biodentine or MTA may be preferred over GIC as an intracanal barrier.

Biodentine or MTA can be used in areas where an impervious seal has to be obtained. They can also be used to seal the perforations in the coronal middle and apical thirds of the root canal. These materials have an ability to form a barrier during apexification procedures.

Navya RR, Shivamurthy GB. Comparing the Sealing Ability of Contemporary Restorative Materials. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):12-15.

Dental plaque has been proved by extensive research to be a paramount factor in initiation and progression of gingival and periodontal diseases. Among chemical means, chlorhexidine mouthwash is regarded as the gold standard in dentistry in prevention of dental plaque. Chlorhexidine mouthwash, though effective, has certain side effects, such as brown discoloration of teeth, oral mucosal erosion, etc. Hence, there is need of an alternative medicine enmeshed within precious traditional Indian herbal therapy which is efficient, safe, and economical. Turmeric possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties along with hepatoprotective, immune stimulant, antiseptic, antimutagenic properties, etc.

This study was conducted to explore and prove the clinical efficacy of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash in mild and moderate gingivitis patients.

Sixty patients with moderate gingivitis were included and divided into two equal groups: Experimental (0.1% turmeric mouthwash) and control group (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate). The clinical parameters evaluation was done on day 0 and day 21.

On intragroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index, gingival bleeding index) was seen in both groups on day 21, but on intergroup comparison, no statistically significant reduction in clinical parameters was seen on day 21 between the groups.

Hence, it can be concluded that 0.1% turmeric mouthwash possesses antiplaque and anti-inflammatory properties which has been proven through clinical evaluation and it was almost equally effective when compared with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in moderate gingivitis patients.

Nagunuri D, Babitha GA, Prakash S. Comparative Evaluation of 0.1% Turmeric Mouthwash with 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate in Prevention of Plaque and Gingivitis: A Clinical Study. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):16-20.

To evaluate the extent of the alveolar bone remodeling after incisor retraction using lateral cephalograms.

Lateral cephalograms of 30 patients with age of 16 years and above requiring therapeutic extraction of both maxillary and mandibular first premolars, mainly for the purpose of retraction of anterior teeth, had been taken at the start of treatment and after retraction of anterior teeth. Various hard tissue anatomical landmarks were traced, and linear parameters of pretreatment (T1) and postretraction (T2) lateral cephalometric radiographs were measured. The mean and standard deviation were calculated, the data were tabulated, and comparison of T1 and T2 readings was made utilizing paired Student’s t-test.

When maxillary incisors are retracted, the labial bone thickness at the midroot level (MxL2) and at apical level (MxL3) increased during upper incisor retraction. There was a significant reduction in alveolar bone thickness on the lingual/palatal side after maxillary and mandibular incisor retraction.

When tooth movement is limited, forcing the tooth against the cortical bone may cause adverse sequelae. This type of approach must be carefully monitored to avoid negative iatrogenic effects.

Dhanani D, Shivaprakash G. Cephalometric Evaluation of Alveolar Bone Remodeling following Anterior Teeth Retraction. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):21-24.

Fracture of restorative composite is reported as a common reason for replacement. Due to failures of this kind, it is still controversial whether restorative composites should be used in large, high-stress-bearing applications, such as in direct posterior restorations. The high brittleness of current composites hinders their use in large stress-bearing areas. Thus, recently short fiber-reinforced composite was introduced as dental restorative composite resin. The aim of the article is to evaluate shear bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite (everX Posterior) and methacrylate-based composite (FILTEK Z250) to pure tricalcium silicate-based cement (biodentine).

Acrylic blocks (n = 30) with 2 mm high and 5 mm diameter central holes were prepared. The samples were taken and filled with biodentine and were divided into two groups containing 15 in each group. Group I: Fiber-reinforced composite. Group II: Methacrylate-based composite, which are layered over biodentine. The specimens are transferred to the universal testing machine and subjected to shear bond strength analysis at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/minute.

The bond strength values were significantly higher in case of fiber-reinforced composite when compared with methacrylate-based composite.

Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that the fiber-reinforced composite with biodentine had highest bond strength when compared with methacrylate-based composite.

Fiber-reinforced composite has excellent fatigue resistance because the embedded fibers are bonded to the polymer matrix and allow the stresses to be distributed effectively throughout the restoration. They are most suitable for applications in which the direction of highest stress is predictable. They are used in cavities with three or more surfaces missing and also in large-sized cavities. They are extensively used in cavities where inlays and onlays are prescribed.

Reddy RA, Basavanna RS. Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Fiber-reinforced Composite and Methacrylate-based Composite to Pure Tricalcium-based Cement. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):25-27.

The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and propolis when used as intracanal medicaments on the bond strength of a resin-based sealer (AH Plus Jet; Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) to the root dentin.

Sixty freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth were utilized for this study and the crowns were decoronated. The root canals were instrumented and randomized into four groups according to the medicament used: Group I: Control; group II: Ca(OH)₂; group III: CHX; group IV: Propolis. The specimens were stored for 10 days in 100% humidity at 37°C, and the intracanal dressings were removed by rinsing with 10 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid followed by 10 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, then obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus Jet sealer. A push-out test to measure the bond strength between the root canal dentin and the sealer was done. Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc pairwise tests were used for statistical analysis.

The use of intracanal medicaments had shown to significantly influence the push-out bond strengths of the resin sealer used (p < 0.05). At coronal and middle thirds, there was no significant difference in bond strengths among all the four groups (p > 0.05). At apical third, the mean bond strength value for propolis group was significantly superior when compared with the other three groups (p < 0.05). The CHX group showed higher bond strength values at apical third compared with Ca(OH)₂ and control groups, but it was not significant (p > 0.05).

Propolis showed superior push-out bond strength than CHX, Ca(OH)₂, and control groups at apical third, while no significant differences were observed among all the groups at coronal and middle thirds.

Shivanna V, Bhargavi R. An in vitro Comparison of the Effect of Three Different Endodontic Medicaments on the Bond Strength of a Resin-based Endodontic Sealer to the Root Canal Dentin. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):28-32.

Good fit at the margins of provisional crowns is essential to maintain gingival health and to protect teeth from physical, chemical, bacterial, and thermal injuries. Use of water at the time of curing of provisional crown and relining are advised to get best the marginal fit.

The purpose of this study is to compare marginal fit after complete polymerization at room temperature followed by relining and after polymerization at different temperatures of water of provisional restorative material [polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)].

Eight provisional crowns of PMMA for groups A, A1, A2, and A3 were made using a precisely machined brass metal die simulating unprepared tooth and prepared tooth. The marginal fit of provisional crowns measured using stereomicroscope (0.5×10× magnification) at four different points to have 32 measurements in each group in micrometers (μm).

Intragroup comparison showed a statistically significant difference in marginal gap of all PMMA at 5 minutes of curing time and 10 minutes of storage time. Order of marginal gap was A3<A1<A2<A. The relining of provisional crowns showed the best marginal fit of all groups.

Khandelwal PV, Roopa KT, Vijayalakshmi CR. Marginal Fit of Polymethyl Methacrylate Provisional Restorative Material after Polymerization at Different Water Temperatures and after relining: A Comparative Study. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):33-38.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the surface roughness and porosity of different provisional restorative materials.

Provisional restorative materials were divided into following three groups: Dental products of india (DPI), Protemp, Tempofit. For each group, wax block with 20 × 10 × 3 mm was made for making vinyl polysiloxane impression material to give 12 samples in each group of three different provisional restorative materials. The acrylic resin was inserted into the silicon impression mold. A total of 12 specimens of one material were obtained. The specimens were finished with the help of lathe using a sequence of grit sand paper. The surface roughness was verified with the help of a micron dial indicator. To facilitate the porosity readings, the specimens were immersed in dye for 2 hours. The number of pores in each area was determined with a stereomicroscope with magnification 1× 50× to check the porosity of three different provisional restorative materials. Values were subjected to statistical analysis.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare between Tempofit, Protemp, and DPI. The results obtained indicated that surface roughness of Protemp was least compared with Tempofit and DPI. The ANOVA test was used to check surface area of porosities in each provisional material, followed by Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney test (highly significant) (p < 0.001). The results obtained indicate that Protemp material showed the least number of porosities and minimal surface roughness followed by Tempofit and DPI. Henceforth, it can be concluded that among the three tested materials, Protemp was the best material which can be used for provisional restorations.

Surface roughness and porosity were compared among Protemp, Tempofit, and DPI material; the best results were obtained with the use of Protemp material which had shown the least number of porosities and minimal surface roughness.

Kumar GV, Devi R, Anto N. Evaluation and Comparison of the Surface Roughness and Porosity of Different Provisional Restorative Materials: An in vitro Study. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):39-45.

Lakhani N, Vandana KL. Gene Therapy in Periodontal Tissue Engineering. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):46-48.

Nagaveni NB, Poornima P, Valsan A, Mathew MG. Management of Mesiodens and ectopically Erupted Central Incisor. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):49-53.

Dhanyakumar NM, Devasia SR. Management of Palatogingival Groove using the Innovative Tricalcium Silicate Material Biodentine™. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):54-58.