Bandeca MC, Kuga MC, Diniz ACS, Jordão-Basso KCF, Tonetto MR. Effects of the Residues from the Endodontic Sealers on the Longevity of Esthetic Restorations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):615-617.

Predisposing factors in chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC) have been poorly recognized. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of Candida spp. in areas of the oral mucosa showing greater prevalent rate of CHC, such as the retrocomissural area, the lateral borders of the tongue, and the hard-palate mucosa in four groups of individuals presenting predisposing factors as follows: Smoking habits (group I); patients with low salivary flow rate (SFR) (hyposalivation – group II); patients with loss of vertical dimension of occlusion (LVDO – group III); and control subjects (group IV).

A total of 44 individuals (age 40–90 years, mean: 55.8 years) were divided into four groups: Group I (11 smokers); group II (10 hyposalivation patients); group III (10 LVDO patients); and group IV (control, 13 healthy subjects). All individuals were tested for Candida-pseudohyphae form by direct examination and for Candida spp. culture growth in samples obtained from the retrocomissural, tongue's lateral border, and hard–soft palatal mucosa.

Direct examination showed a statistically significant prevalence rate for pseudohyphae (p < 0.05) on the retrocomissural and on tongue's lateral borders of individuals with LVDO. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) culture growth for Candida spp. was found on the retrocomissural areas of those with hyposalivation and with LVDO, and on the palate mucosa and on the tongue's lateral borders in the smokers and in the individuals with LVDO when compared with those of the control group.

While direct examination is effective for detecting pseudohyphae, LVDO and tobacco smoking seem to be factors of relevance to the development of CHC.

Since CHC has been linked to a high rate of malignant transformation, this study analyzes some clinical (and exogenous) factors that may contribute to the development of CHC and addresses some preventive measures to reduce its incidence.

Arruda C, Artico G, Freitas R, Filho A, Migliari D. Prevalence of Candida spp. in Healthy Oral Mucosa Surfaces with Higher Incidence of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):618-622.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anterior teeth position changes obtained by passive self-ligating brackets using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Twenty patients with a mean age of 16.5 years, class I malocclusion, constricted maxillary arch, and teeth crowding above 5 mm were enrolled in this study, and treated by passive orthodontic self-ligating brackets. A sequence of stainless steel thermoset wire was implemented with ending wire of 0.019” × 0.025”. The CBCT and dental casts were obtained prior to the installation of orthodontic appliances (T1), and 30 days after rectangular steel wire 0.019” × 0.025” installation (T2). The measurements in CBCT were performed with the Anatomage software, and the dental casts were evaluated with a digital caliper rule with an accuracy of 0.01 mm.

The CBCT data demonstrated mean buccal inclination of the upper and lower central incisors ranging from 6.55° to 7.24° respectively. The upper and lower lateral incisors ranged from 4.90° to 8.72° respectively. The lower canines showed an average increase of 3.88° in the buccal inclination and 1.96 mm in the transverse intercuspal distance. The upper canines showed a negative inclination with mean average of −0.36°, and an average increase of 0.82 mm in the transverse distance, with negative correlation with the initial crowding.

Treatment with passive self-ligating brackets without obtaining spaces increases buccal inclination of the upper and lower incisors with no correlation with the amount of initial teeth crowding. The intercanine distance tends to a small increase showing different inclinations between the arches.

When taking into account the selfligating brackets, the amount of initial dental crowding is not a limitation factor that could increase the buccal inclination of the anterior teeth.

Rhoden FK, Maltagliati LÁ, de Castro Ferreira Conti AC, Almeida-Pedrin RR, Filho LC, de Almeida Cardoso M. Cone Beam Computed Tomography-based Evaluation of the Anterior Teeth Position Changes obtained by Passive Selfligating Brackets. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):623-629.

This comparative prospective randomized clinical trial examined the in vivo failure rates of fixed mandibular and maxillary lingual retainers bonded with two light-cured flowable composites over 6 months.

Consecutive patients were divided into two groups on a 1:1 basis. Two hundred fixed lingual retainers were included, and their failures were followed for 6 months. One group (n = 50) received retainers bonded with a nano-hybrid composite based on nano-optimized technology (Tetric-N-Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent). Another group (n = 50) received retainers bonded with a low viscosity (LV) composite (Transbond Supreme LV, 3M Unitek).

There was no significant difference between the overall failure rates of mandibular retainers bonded with Transbond (8%) and those bonded with Tetric-N-Flow (18%). However, the odds ratio for failure using Tetric-N-flow was 2.52-fold greater than that of Transbond. The failure rate of maxillary retainers bonded with Transbond was higher (14%), but not significantly different, than that of maxillary retainers bonded with Tetric- N-flow (10%). There was no significant difference in the estimated mean survival times of the maxillary and mandibular retainers bonded with the two composites.

Both types of composites tested in the current study can be used to bond fixed maxillary and mandibular lingual retainers, with low failure rates.

Talic NF. Failure Rates of Orthodontic Fixed Lingual Retainers bonded with Two Flowable Light-cured Adhesives: A Comparative Prospective Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):630-634.

Since one of the most important disadvantages of soft drinks includes their adverse effect on mineral content of enamel because of their low pH, this study examined the microhardness of enamel before and after exposure to a soft drink containing different concentrations of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) as an additive.

Sixty caries free human premolars were mounted in epoxy resin. After polishing, the baseline microhardness was recorded three times for each specimen using a Vickers indenter at 50 gm load. Subsequently, the samples were divided into six groups, which were treated for 5 minutes at 9°C by a cola-based drink contacting 0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 wt.% of nano-HA while the control group was immersed in artificial saliva. Ultimately, the final microhardness was assessed three times again for each specimen.

Paired t-test showed that in groups containing 0 and 0.5 wt.% of nano-HA, the microhardness was significantly reduced after treatment protocol (p = 0.00 and 0.01 respectively). Whereas in the other groups the microhardness was not significantly changed after treatment (p > 0.05).

Pure cola-based drink has a pronounced adverse effect on enamel microhardness, while admixing it with nano-HA could act as a protective factor.

Although soft beverages are hazardous to tooth structure, some additives could compensate their adverse effect.

Rezvani MB, Rouhollahi MR, Andalib F, Hamze F. Nano-hydroxyapatite could Compensate the Adverse Effect of Soft Carbonated Drinks on Enamel. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):635-638.

Dentists are at a very high risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal pain. The present study aimed at studying the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among different dental specialists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and correlating the region of pain with the type of clinical work done by the specialists.

A sample of more than 100 dentists was chosen randomly from different emirates in UAE. An interview questionnaire was administered regarding the number of years of experience and the presence, region, duration, and type of musculoskeletal pain they experienced.

Musculoskeletal pain is experienced by 83.3% of periodontists, 80% of conservative dentists, 77.8% of endodontists, 72.7% of orthodontists, 70% of oral surgeons, 63.6% of prosthodontists, 63% of general dental practitioners, and 50% of pedodontists. The results have also indicated that the region of experienced musculoskeletal pain does vary according to the specialty. From those dentists who experience work-related musculoskeletal pain, 80% of conservative dentists experience pain in neck and shoulders, 66.7% of periodontists, and 54.5% of orthodontists experience pain in the lower back region. More than 50% of endodontists experience pain in the neck and shoulders regions, and 39% of general dental practitioners who experience pain in the neck region.

Preventive measures need to be taken to decrease the risk of dentists and dental specialists developing workrelated musculoskeletal pain.

The prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among registered general dental practitioners and dental specialists in UAE was not clearly documented. The study results indicated that the region that experienced musculoskeletal pain does vary according to the specialty.

Al-Rawi NH, El Khatib H, Rajoub L, El-Sayed M, Naji R, Youssef R, Al Kawas S. Work-related Musculoskeletal Pain among Different Dental Specialists in United Arab Emirates. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8): 639-644.

NovaMin is a synthetic mineral compound composed of calcium, sodium, phosphorus, and silica. It releases crystalline hydroxyl-carbonate apatite (HCA), which structurally resembles the minerals naturally found in the teeth. Nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) is a biocompatible compound with high affinity for tooth enamel. NHA particles morphologically resemble dental enamel apatite crystals. Considering the efficacy of remineralizing agents and the importance of conservative preventive measures, this study aimed to compare the remineralizing effects of NovaMin and NHA on caries-like lesions in primary teeth.

This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 30 sound human primary anterior teeth with no cracks or fractures. The surface microhardness (SMH) of each tooth was measured at baseline using a Vickers microhardness tester. The teeth were then subjected to remineralization/ demineralization cycles, and artificial caries lesions were created in them. The SMH of each tooth was measured again and the teeth were then randomly treated with toothpastes containing NovaMin or 10% NHA powder for 2 minutes daily for a period of 5 days. The SMH of each was again measured afterward. Data were statistically analyzed using independent t-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests.

The mean SMH was found to be higher in the teeth treated with NovaMin toothpaste (422.67 kgf/mm²) than in the teeth treated with NHA (384.2 kgf/mm2); However, this difference was not statistically significant.

Both NHA and NovaMin were effective for remineralization of caries-like lesions of primary teeth and no significant difference was detected in their efficacy.

Haghgoo R, Ahmadvand M, Moshaverinia S. Remineralizing Effect of Topical NovaMin and Nano-hydroxyapatite on Caries-like Lesions in Primary Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):645-649.

To determine the antimicrobial effect of water extracts of leaves of Annona muricata and Simarouba glauca on Enterococcus faecalis using agar diffusion method.

Dried leaves of A. muricata and S. glauca were powdered and extracted in a soxhlet apparatus. Enterococcus faecalis was grown overnight in Trypticase soy agar plates. About 10 μL of each extract was placed on agar plates and incubated overnight. The zone of inhibition was measured after 24 hours. About 1% sodium hypochlorite and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls.

The leaf extract of A. muricata showed similar effectiveness as that of sodium hypochlorite, whereas the leaf extract of S. glauca showed only a slight reduction in growth of E. faecalis.

Leaf extract of A. muricata can be developed as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigants.

Success of endodontic treatment depends on complete disinfection of the root canals. Root canal irrigants have a major role in complete disinfection of the root canals. Chemical root canal irrigants are more or less toxic to the oral environment. In this study, naturally derived leaf extracts of A. muricata and S. glauca are compared with sodium hypochlorite for its effectiveness against E. faecalis – the most common pathogen found in the root canals.

Mathew J, George R, Theruvil R, Padavil TC, Tomy L, Kurian A. Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extract of Annona muricata and Simarouba glauca on Enterococcus faecalis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):650-653.

Success and failure of root canal therapy is largely dependent on the clinician and the patient. Once the tooth is restored into its functional and esthetic place, the root canal therapy is considered to be complete. It is a well-known fact that root canal space acts as a rich reservoir for microorganisms. Past studies show that root canal harbors an array of different microorganisms. Streptococcus mitis and Enterococcus faecalis have been found to be the most prevalent microorganisms isolated from the infected pulp canal space. Hence, we evaluated the association of endodontic signs and symptoms with root canal pathogens.

A total of 120 patients were selected for the study and divided broadly into two groups: Group I containing patients with primary infection and group II containing patients in which retreatment was required. Both groups contained 60 patients each. Clinical parameters recorded for the study are pain, tenderness on percussion, swelling, periapical radiolucency on radiographic analysis, caries, sinus formation, and tooth mobility. After assessment, opening, and initial filing, sterile paper points were inserted into the root canal space for collection of microbiological sample, which was further send to laboratory for cultural analysis. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test were used to evaluate the level of significance.

While comparing the mean age of the patients in the two groups, no significant association was seen. Statistically significant results were obtained while comparing the association between pain and S. mitis. Positive correlation was seen on comparing the association between tenderness on percussion and E. faecalis. Also, a positive association was seen between periapical radiolucency and S. mitis.

Strong positive correlation exists between S. mitis and E. faecalis and endodontic signs and symptoms.

Sound knowledge regarding the association of microbes of root canal and specific endodontic signs and symptoms could help therapeutic management of root canal infections effectively.

Pandey V, Choudhary I, Kumar V, Tripathi P, Misra A, Bagde H. Assessment of Correlation between Clinical Parameters and Pulp Canal Pathogens in Endodontic Pathologies: A Microbiological Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):654-658.

Irrigating solutions are used for cleaning and removing dentinal debris, and the other remains from pulpal space during biomechanical preparation. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of various irrigating agents on root fracture at 5-minute time exposure.

We sectioned 60 permanent maxillary premolars with fully formed root structures transversely maintaining the root length of approximately 14 mm. Five study groups were made comprising ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), cetrimide, citric acid, and so on as various irrigating agents. A universal force test machine was used to calculate the force which was enough to fracture each root. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to access the level of significance.

About 10% citric acid solution as an irrigating agent showed minimal fracture opposing results, whereas 10% EDTA solution showed the maximum fracture resistance of root portion.

Selection of suitable EDTA concentration that has minimal adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the tooth is very important for the successful management of tooth fracture.

About 10% EDTA provided the highest fracture resistance, necessitating the use of irrigating solution in root canal therapy (RCT). Further research with higher and different study groups is required to search for more efficient irrigating solution to improve the outcome of RCT.

Tiwari S, Nikhade P, Chandak M, Sudarshan C, Shetty P, Gupta NK. Impact of Various Irrigating Agents on Root Fracture: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):659-662

Superior adhesive strength in luting agents is of paramount significance in fixed partial denture success. In this in vitro study five cements were tested for retentive qualities, using both lathe-cut and hand-prepared specimens.

A total of 104 freshly extracted tooth specimens were prepared. Seventy of them were lathe-cut and 30 specimens were hand-prepared to simulate clinical conditions. Five different cements were tested, which included a compomer, a composite, a zinc phosphate, and 2 glass-ionomer luting cements. Of the 5, 2 trial cements were indigenously developed by Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, India – a glassionomer cement (Chitra GIC) and a chemical-cure composite (Chitra CCC). All cements were compared within each group and between groups (lathe-prepared and hand-prepared).

GC Fuji 1 (GC America) exhibited superior retentive strengths in both lathe-cut and hand-prepared specimens, whereas the compomer cement displayed the lowest values when tested. In lathe-cut specimens, statistical analysis showed no significant difference between GC Fuji 1 and indigenously developed Chitra CCC.

Both Chitra CCC and GC Fuji 1 have comparable strengths in lathe-cut samples, making Chitra CCC a potential luting agent. Statistical analysis reveals that all cements, except GC Fuji 1, exhibited a significant decrease in strength due to the change in design uniformity. The chemical bonding of GC Fuji 1 proves to be quite strong irrespective of shape and precision of the tooth crown.

The indigenously developed Chitra GIC and Chitra CCC showed promising results to be used as a potential luting agent.

Mathew J, Kurian BP, Philip B, Mohammed S, Menon P, Raj RS. A Comparative Study of the Retentive Strengths of Commercial and Indigenously Developed Luting Cements using Both Lathe-cut and Clinically Simulated Specimens. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):663-669.

Dental implants are one of the common lines of treatment used for the treatment of missing tooth. Various risk factors are responsible for the failure of the dental implants and occurrence of postoperative complications. Bruxism is one such factor responsible for the failure of the dental implants. The actual relation between bruxism and dental implants is a subject of long-term controversy. Hence, we carried out this retrospective analysis to assess the complications occurring in dental implants in patients with and without bruxism.

The present study included 1100 patients which were treated for rehabilitation by dental implant procedure at 21 dental offices of Ghaziabad (India) from 2004 to 2014. Analyzing the clinical records of the patients along with assessing the photographs of the patients was done for confirming the diagnosis of bruxism. Clinical re-evaluation of the patients, who came back for follow-up, was done to confirm the diagnosis of bruxism. Systemic questionnaires as used by previous workers were used to evaluate the patients about the self-conscience of the condition. Estimation of the mechanical complications was done only in those cases which occurred on the surfaces of the restoration of the dental implants. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Student's t-test and Pearson's chi-square test were used to evaluate the level of significance.

In both bruxer and non-bruxers, maximum number of dental implants was placed in anterior maxillary region. Significant difference was obtained while comparing the two groups for dimensions of the dental implants used. On comparing the total implant failed cases between bruxers and non-bruxers group, statistically significant result was obtained. Statistically significant difference was obtained while comparing the two study groups based on the health parameters, namely hypertension, diabetes, and smoking habit.

Success of dental implant is significantly affected by bruxism. Special attention is required in such patients while doing treatment planning.

For the long-term clinical success and survival of dental implants in patients, special emphasis should be given on the patient's deleterious oral habits, such as bruxism as in long run, they influence the stability of dental implants.

Yadav K, Nagpal A, Agarwal SK, Kochhar A. Intricate Assessment and Evaluation of Effect of Bruxism on Long-term Survival and Failure of Dental Implants: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):670-674.

Behavioral management of patients forms one of the foremost components of pediatric dental treatment. Some children readily cooperate with dental treatment, while others require general anesthesia as a part of treatment protocol for carrying out various dental procedures. Hence, we evaluated the pediatric patients with and without mental retardation, who underwent dental treatment under general anesthesia.

The present study analyzed the record of 480 pediatric patients reporting in the department of pedodontics from 2008 to 2014. Analysis of the records of the patients who underwent dental treatment under general anesthesia was done and all the patients were divided into two study groups depending upon their mental level. For the purpose of evaluation, the patients were also grouped according to their age; 4 to 7 years, 8 to 12 years, and 13 to 18 years. Measurement of decayed, missing, and filled teeth and scores for both deciduous and permanent dentition was done before and after the commencement of the dental treatment. Chisquare test and independent t-test were used for evaluating the level of significance.

While comparing the patients in the two groups, maximum number of patients is present in the age group of 13 to 18 years. While comparing the indices’ score between the two study groups in various age intervals, no statistically significant results were obtained. Restorative treatment and dental extractions were the most common dental treatments that were seen at a higher frequency in the intellectual disability study group.

In patients with mental retardation, a higher frequency of restorative treatment and extractions occurs as compared to healthy subjects of similar age group. Therefore, they require special attention regarding maintenance of their oral health.

Special attention should be given for maintaining the oral health of patients with special health care needs as compared to their physically and mentally normal counterparts.

Ahuja R, Jyoti B, Shewale V, Shetty S, Subudhi SK, Kaur M. Comparative Evaluation of Pediatric Patients with Mental Retardation undergoing Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia: A Retrospective Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):675-678.

The position of the condyle in the glenoid fossa plays an important role in the stability of occlusion after orthodontic treatment. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides an optimal imaging of the osseous components of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and give a full size truly threedimensional (3D) description in real anatomical size. The present study aimed to visualize and compare the position of condyle in the glenoid fossa for different occlusions by using CBCT.

Cone beam computed tomographic images of 45 subjects, aged 18 to 42 years, were evaluated. Subjects were equally divided into three groups according to the A point, nasion, B point (ANB) angle.

In the sagittal plane, condyle is positioned nonconcentrically; positioned anteriosuperiorly in class I and III occlusions and lies posteriosuperiorly in class II occlusion. In the frontal plane, condyle is positioned centrally (mediolaterally) in all the three types of occlusions. In the axial plane, the parameters showed significant difference between the different occlusions. No statistical significant distinction could be made in the position of the condyle when comparing the right and left joints.

The position of condyle in glenoid fossa influences sagittal, transverse, and vertical relationships of the jaws which eventually contribute to development of various malocclusions. Nonconcentricity is the feature of the condyle in the sagittal plane in different malocclusions.

An important consideration in orthodontic treatment is the recognition of the importance that the dentition should be in harmony with the related musculoskeletal structures. Therefore, the condylar position is an important concern in maintaining or restoring temporomandibular harmony with the dentition and the position of the condyle in the glenoid fossa plays an important role in the stability of occlusion after orthodontic treatment.

Kaur A, Natt AS, Mehra SK, Maheshwari K, Singh G, Kaur A. Improved Visualization and Assessment of Condylar Position in the Glenoid Fossa for Different Occlusions: A CBCT Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):679-686.

New design of brackets have been introduced in the field of orthodontics in the recent past, and one of such advancement is the self-ligating brackets. These brackets are said to have less friction, with a shorter period of treatment. Better patient acceptance and good treatment results are some of the other advantages offered by self-ligating brackets. Hence, we comparatively evaluated root resorption of anterior teeth by self-ligating and conventional preadjusted brackets in cases of severe anterior crowding in class I patients.

The present study was carried out at the department of orthodontics in a dental institution and included 140 patients that presented with the chief complaint of Angle class I malocclusion with crowding of more than 6 mm in the anterior tooth region. Two groups were formed with 70 patients in each group. In one group self-ligating brackets were used, while in other group conventional brackets were used. Malmgren's method was sued for evaluating the root resorption score ranging from 0 to 4. All the results were analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Chi-square test, nonpaired t-test, and paired t-test were used to evaluate the level of significance.

The mean age of the patients in groups I and II was 13.92 and 13.81 years respectively. While comparing age of the patients and time duration of the treatment, no significant results were obtained. While comparing the root resorptions at various time intervals in groups I and II patients, significant results were obtained. While comparing the root resorptions in between groups I and II patients, no statistically significant results were obtained (p-value > 0.05).

Statistically similar amount of resorption is seen in patients in both the groups either on self-ligating brackets or on conventional preadjusted brackets during treatment of Angle class I patients with severe anterior crowding.

In treating anterior crowding patients with Angle class I patients, choice of brackets has no effect on the amount of root resorption.

Sepolia S, Kushwah APS, Natt AS, Vashisht L, Sahoo SK, Subudhi SK. Retrospective Analysis of Different Bracket Systems used in the Treatment of Patients with Anterior Crowding: A Longitudinal Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):687-691.

Many studies have suggested that a lesion originally diagnosed as oral lichen planus (OLP) has different possibilities of undergoing malignant transformation in time, although these findings remain a controversial issue; for example, some studies reported different values of potential malignancy of OLP.

World Health Organization (WHO) classifies OLP as a “potentially malignant disorder” with unspecified malignant transformation risk, and suggests that OLP patients should be closely monitored. Numerous studies have attempted to confirm the malignant transformation potential of OLP.

The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline and EMBASE databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, Ovid, Up To Date, BMJ Clinical Evidence, MD Consult, and Science Direct were searched for papers published between 1997 and 2015. The medical subject heading search terms were “lichen planus,” “oral lichen planus,” “erosive oral lichen planus,” “dysplasia,” “oral precancerous condition,” “oral premalignant condition,” oral cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and atrophic lichen planus. A total of 120 English language abstracts were reviewed, and 50 relevant articles identified. Because of the extensive literature on the association between OLP and SCC, we have divided the data into genetic and nongenetic factors for more accurate assessment.

In this evidence base, malignant transformation ranges from 0 to 37% with a mean of 4.59%. The highest rate of malignancy was noted in erythematosus and erosive lesions. In this way, follow-up of OLP patients could be carried out more efficiently and appropriately.

Oral lichen planus is a premalignant lesion. All types of OLP in any site of oral mucosa must be monitored regularly.

Agha-Hosseini F, Sheykhbahaei N, SadrZadeh-Afshar M-S. Evaluation of Potential Risk Factors that contribute to Malignant Transformation of Oral Lichen Planus: A Literature Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):692-701.

Marta SN, Kawakami RY, Sgavioli CAPP, Correa AE, D’Árk de Oliveira El Kadre G, Carvalho RS. Trauma due to Self-aggression in Patient with Waardenburg Syndrome associated with Congenital Anomalies. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):702-705.

Nagaraja A, Kumar NG, Kumar BJ, Naik RM, Sangineedi YJ. A Solitary Phlebolith in the Buccal Mucosa: Report of a Rare Entity and Clinicopathologic Correlation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):706-710.