India being a developing nation has a significant percentage of population who are living in low socioeconomic conditions. Hence, health care is not considered a priority, and dental awareness is very low. Thus, spreading dental awareness among the poor, and motivating and counseling them will enable promotion of prosthodontic services in order to improve the oral health of patients with missing teeth. A questionnaire-based survey was formulated to evaluate dental colleges across India regarding their methods to spread awareness of dental treatment and various methods to extend the same to underprivileged people in the society. Results of the survey showed that though majority of the colleges were spreading awareness of dental treatment, very few of those were targeted at patienswith low socioeconomic status.

Context: Infection rates in the intensive care unit (ICU) have been found to be the highest among all hospital-acquired infections. Aim: To determine the prevalence of current bacteriological profile in blood cultures along with their antibiogram from ICU patients. Settings and design: The present study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, over a period of 1 year, i.e., from September 2016 to August 2017. Materials and methods: A total of 2,028 blood cultures were received from various ICUs. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures, and antibiogram was determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Statistical analysis: Qualitative data were presented as mean and standard deviation and quantitative data as proportions. Association was tested using chi-squared test. Statistical significance was considered when p < 0.05. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 software was used for analysis. Results: Total positive cultures were obtained in 504 (24.86%) cases. Among the Gram-positive (GP) isolates 288 (57.14%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) 5 5.5% was t he most common followed by Staphylococcus aureus 34% and Enterococcus spp. 10.4%. Acinetobacter baumannii 52.3% was the most common Gram-negative (GN) isolate, 216 (42.85%), followed by Escherichia coli 27.7%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 14.35%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5.5%. Most of the GP isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid and GN isolates to imipenem and meropenem. Conclusion: This study shows the high number of positive blood cultures in ICUs, which can be attributed to increasing use of intravenous devices, interventions, and immunosuppression. Hence, this study may be a useful guide for initiating early empiric therapy for ICU patients and will help in formulation of antibiotic policy in our institute.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a severe adverse drug reaction, consisting of progressive bone destruction in the maxillofacial region of patients. Dental screening and adequate treatment are fundamental to reducing the risk of osteonecrosis in patients under antiresorptive or antiangiogenic therapy, or before initiating the administration. The treatment of BRONJ is generally difficult and the optimal therapy strategy is still to be established. This article elucidates the clinical indications and mechanism of action of bisphosphonates (BPs), reports some of the clinical diagnostic criteria for BRONJ, and describes the histopathological criteria for BRONJ diagnosis, the potential triggering pathways, and the available treatment strategies.

Lichen planus is an autoimmune disease that involves the mucosa of the oral cavity. Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP) is the target of controversy. Thus, the objective of this article is to report a case of OLP in a 62-year-old male patient and to discuss the main aspects of disease in relation to etiopathogenesis and treatment. Biopsy findings showed focal degeneration of basal cell layer with lymphocytic band in the dermis, parakeratotic horny pearls, and atrophic epidermis with effaced rete ridges. Accurate diagnosis is necessary so that the correct treatment can be established.

For achieving high levels of success in endodontic therapy a thorough knowledge of internal dental anatomy is fundamental. Lack of understanding of anatomic variations has been pointed as one of the main causes of endodontic therapy failure. Clinicians need to be aware of the unusual numbers of roots and root canal, and it is a challenge to treat teeth with extra roots and/or canals. This case report presents a rare case of successful nonsurgical endodontic management of maxillay first premolar with three roots having two canals in buccal root and one in palatal root canal.

Neurofibroma (NF) is a benign tumor of nerve tissue origin, derived from the cells that constitute the nerve sheath. Neurofibroma is seen either as solitary lesion or as a part of generalized syndrome neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen disease of the skin). The solitary form does not differ from the disseminated form or the multiple form of the disease except that systemic and hereditary factors present in the disseminated form are absent in the solitary type. We report a case of 60-year-old female who visited the department with a complaint of painless swelling on the dorsal surface at the anterior one-third of tongue since 3 to 4 years. The lesion was excised under local anesthesia. Based on the clinical features, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis, the diagnosis of plexiform neurofibroma (PN) was given. Isolated PN is a rare tumor. The present case is an isolated PN of the tongue that was not associated with neurofibromatosis. Solitary NFs rarely change into a malignant form. However, Steward and Bailey have drawn attention to the fact that it is important to know whether the tumor is benign or malignant before excision.

The fluoride may be beneficial as well as harmful to teeth. The effects of fluorosis on teeth range from white opaque areas to severe pitting with brown or black discoloration of the teeth. Such discoloration of teeth causes unesthetic appearance of teeth and requires rehabilitation. The present article describes the case report of esthetic rehabilitation of dental fluorosis with ceramic veneers.

Dentigerous cyst is a common pathologic entity. After radicular cyst, dentigerous cysts are the most frequent odontogenic cysts diagnosed, accounting for 20% of all mandibular cysts. Typically, they are associated with impacted teeth, usually third molars. Its presentation in association with unerupted permanent second molar is very unusual and rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. In this report, we describe the case of a pediatric patient with a dentigerous cyst in association with unerupted permanent second molar.