World Journal of Dentistry

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2011 | October-December | Volume 2 | Issue 4

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EDITORIAL

Beena Rani Goel

CORRUPTION IN DENTAL CLINIC

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:1] [Pages No:0 - 0]

   DOI: 10.5005/wjoud-2-4-v  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

751

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, Raffaela Di Iorio Jeronymo, Eduardo Galera da Silva, Maria Filomena Rocha Lima Huhtala, Ana Paula Martins Gomes, Gustavo de Luca Alves, Egberto Munin

Dental Bleaching with 35 and 38% Hydrogen Peroxide and Immersion in Soft Drink: Analysis by Reflectance and Fourier Transform-Raman Spectroscopy

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:7] [Pages No:285 - 291]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1099  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dental bleaching with 35 and 38% hydrogen peroxide and soft drink immersion on the chemistry and color of the bovine enamel fragments before and after treatment using reflectance and Fourier transform-Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman spectroscopy).

Materials and methods

Sixty bovine enamel fragments were prepared and randomly divided into six experimental groups according to the hydrogen peroxide gel concentration or immersion in soft drink (n = 10): G1-Whiteness HP Maxx; G2-Whiteness HP Maxx + light lemon coke immersion; G3-Opalescence Xtra Boost; G4-Opalescence Xtra Boost + light lemon coke immersion; G5-Whiteform Perox Red Form gel; G6-Whiteform Perox Red Form gel + light lemon coke immersion. The bleaching treatment was performed in two sessions with a 7 days interval and the analysis before treatments were used as control (baseline). Samples were submitted to reflectance and FT-Raman spectroscopy analysis to evaluate surface mineral content and the reflectance before and after treatments.

Results

There was no significant statistical difference among the bleaching agents in the reflectance analysis (p = 0.63). The FT-Raman spectroscopy data showed significant loss in enamel mineral content after immersion in the light lemon coke and statistical significant differences for the interactions between ‘bleaching agent’ and ‘immersion in soft drink’ (p = 0.03) and between ‘bleaching agent’ and ‘time’ (p = 0.04). With regards to the whitened specimens, the Opalescence Xtra Boost agent demonstrated the greatest loss in enamel mineral content.

Conclusion

All bleaching agents exhibited great bleaching potential in reflectance analysis. This highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide gel (38%) changed significantly the enamel mineral content with or without immersion in soft drink. The specimens immersed in soft drink showed significant loss in enamel mineral content.

Clinical relevance

Some investigations have shown that hydrogen peroxide and beverages can modify enamel dental components, but more studies are necessary to explain its effects.

2,494

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Roosevelt S Bastos, Ricardo Pianta R Silva, Ramsés S Bastos, Ângela Xavier, 5Érica S Carvalho, Magali L Caldana, Luís Marcelo A Camargo, José Roberto P Lauris, José Roberto M Bastos

The Dental Caries Profile of Two Brazilian Amazonian Population: An Epidemiological Approach

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:5] [Pages No:292 - 296]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1100  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this paper was to compare the dental caries profile among rural riverine (RR) inhabitants and Montenegro (MN) epidemiologic study to assess the inequalities in oral health into the Brazilian Amazonian state of Rondônia.

Methods

Rural riverine population sample of rivers Preto and Madeira was published carrying dental caries epidemiologic data from 2005 to 2006. Dental caries survey ran with the same DMFT criteria in the small town of Montenegro in 2008. The groups of age for comparison (t-test) were accomplished with preschool children (RR/MN; 4-5/5), school children (RR/MN;12), adolescents (RR/MN; 18/15-19), adults (RR/MN; 35-44) and elderly (RR/MN; 65-74). In this present study, the rural riverine sample totalized 237 participants and 369 people participated in Montenegro. The entire sample was 606 participants.

Results

Only on preschool children [MN 3.15 (3.12); RR 4.31 (3.42); p = 0.03] and on elderly groups [MN 25.96 (9.82); RR 21.56 (11.95); p = 0.05], the dmft (SD) and DMFT (SD) were significantly different. Despite of no statistical difference in DMFT (SD) of other groups, the component filling teeth (FT) was higher among Montenegro inhabitants at 12 (p = 0.03), at 15-19/18 (p = 0.02) and at 35-44 (0.00). The caries-free participants were higher, represented among RR in all ages but the 4-5/5.

Discussion

The international trend of dental caries decline has been shown in both epidemiological surveys. The caries polarization phenomenon may be observed in both localities in all ages also. The tooth loss increases with aging in both studies due to dental caries but in Montenegro the missing teeth (MT) component in the elderly group is significantly higher (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

Dental caries was high in both Amazonian regions and tooth loss was apparently the most clinical problem to be avoided. Oral health care measures are necessary to take part on daily life of these populations in educational, preventive and clinical aspects.

2,189

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Shyam Padmanabhan, CD Dwarakanath, Rashmi Paramashivaiah

Periodontal Status of Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:5] [Pages No:297 - 301]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1101  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Introduction

Osteoporosis a common metabolic disorder in postmenopausal women, with characteristic loss of bone mass, is associated with periodontitis and tooth loss according to the vast accumulating evidence. This association needs further perusal which was addressed in the following study.

Materials and methods

The study subjects were postmenopausal women (No:104) in the age group of 35 to 60 years. Diagnosis of osteoporosis was by standard tests like clinical, radiographic tests and or bone densitometry. Case history of subjects (i.e. dental, personal, medical and menopausal) was elicited verbally and periodontal examination was carried out. Estrogen (17-β estradiol) and calcium assays were measured in 20 of these patients.

Results

All subjects completed their periodontal and radiographic examination. Indices to measure local factors were accompanied by increase in clinical parameters for periodontitis. Alveolar bone loss visible radiographically correlated with clinical indices and clinical attachment loss. Hormonal assays, i.e. serum 17-β. Estradiol and calcium were found to be below normal for examined cases. Majority of patients had periodontitis, half being localized and the remaining generalized.

Conclusion

Mandibular cortex showed osteoporosis in most of the cases. Tooth loss was not an apparent finding. Osteoporosis did not show an association with periodontitis as much as the local environment. Thus, it could be concluded that osteoporosis may not be an important risk factor for periodontitis and oral bone loss.

3,273

RESEARCH ARTICLE

BM Shivalinga, H Jyothikiran, Sachin Bansal, Azeem Farhan

A Comparison of Frictional Resistance between Active and Passive Self-ligating Brackets with Conventional Bracket Systems

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:7] [Pages No:302 - 308]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1102  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Aim

The present study compared the frictional resistance of active (time- 2, In-Ovation R) and passive (Damon SL-2, Smart clip) self-ligating brackets with conventional titanium, fiberglass and ceramic brackets under dry and wet conditions with artificial saliva using universal testing machine.

Methods

Modified Tidy's jig was constructed to simulate clinical situation. A total of 200 samples were tested. Specimens were divided into two categories which were run under dry and wet conditions, using artificial saliva. Around 10 samples of each active and passive selfligating brackets were dry run and 10 others were used in wet conditions. Around 10 samples of each ceramic, titanium and fiberglass brackets were run using elastomeric ties in both dry and wet conditions and 10 each of them using stainless steel ligatures under dry and wet conditions.

Results

The study revealed that the least frictional resistance was demonstrated by the brackets in the following order, i.e. passive selfligating brackets, active self-ligating brackets, titanium, fiberglass and ceramic brackets in both dry and wet conditions.

Conclusion

The self-ligating brackets seem to be promising in quenching the thirst of orthodontist to have a bracket that is functionally efficient with reduced friction, esthetically pleasing, reduced treatment and chairside time, combined with better oral hygiene maintenance and patient comfort because of absence of ligation.

3,485

RESEARCH ARTICLE

G Anup Kumar, Abhishek Mathur, Keerthi Ramesh

Management of Animal Bite Wounds on Face: Our Experience

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:3] [Pages No:309 - 311]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1103  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Bite wounds are among the commonest types of trauma to which the man is subjected. Infection is the most common complication in animal bite wounds. The surgical treatment of facial animal bites remains a source of controversy. The controversies continue to center on the timing of wound debridement and primary wound closure as well as the use of antibiotic prophylaxis and primary plastic reconstruction. We report 30 cases of animal bites treated in our department and our protocol in the management of the same.

3,176

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Alexander , Musab Hamed Saeed, Nazil A Abtahl, A Praveen Pradeep

An in vitro Comparison of Root Canal Measurement in Permanent Teeth by Electronic Apex Locator, Conventional and Digital Radiography

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:4] [Pages No:312 - 315]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1104  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Introduction

In endodontic treatment for permanent teeth, it is important to estimate the working length precisely. Currently, various methods are used in clinical practice for working length estimation. The objective of this study is to compare the accuracy of root canal length in permanent teeth determined by electronic apex locators, conventional and digital radiography.

Materials and methods

A total of 50 single rooted permanent teeth with mature apices were extracted for periodontal reasons and obtained from different sources without caries were studied. The radiographic measurements were done using paralleling technique. Electronic measurements were done next using third generation, DentAport ZX. Actual canal length of each tooth was measured using direct observation of the apical exit of the file. Measurements obtained from radiographic and electronic methods were compared to the actual tooth length. Interclass correlation coefficients and failure rate for each method and their combinations were calculated using STATA 12.0 software.

Results

The measurements obtained through all the three techniques showed high interclass correlation coefficients and excellent level of agreement. The failure rate of measurements obtained through conventional radiography, digital radiography and electronic apex locators was 38, 30 and 22% respectively. Combination of conventional radiography with electronic apex locator showed an accuracy of 90%, while combination of digital radiographs and electronic apex locators given an accuracy of 96%.

Conclusion

A combination of digital radiographic and apex locator methods for determining the root canal length in permanent teeth can be considered safe, reliable and precise.

2,335

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Mamata Iranna Hebbal, Sharada C Metgud

Association between Socioeconomic Status, Salivary Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli and Dental Caries among 12-Year-Old School Children in Belgaum City

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:5] [Pages No:316 - 320]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1105  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Introduction

Aim of the study was to assess dental caries using Modified Dentition Status and Treatment Needs and find its association with salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli counts among 12-year-old school children of Belgaum city.

Materials and methods

A self-designed, 13 item, open-ended questionnaire given to parents. Children were examined for dental caries using Modified Dentition Status and Treatment Needs. Stimulated saliva was collected and incubated to estimate lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans colonies. Chi-square test was used to find the association between variables.

Results

When DMFT was recorded it was found that 23% of children were free from dental caries, whereas, only 5% of them were free of dental caries when examined using modified criteria. Most of the children had higher microbial count with 72% and 62% of them having > 105 cfu/μl of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli colony count respectively. Modified DMFT was significantly associated with frequency of brushing, lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans counts (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The proportion of subjects with dental caries was relatively high in all groups but the number of teeth affected by caries was low. Inclusion of noncavitated incipient lesions could increase sensitivity of index.

2,185

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Abdillah Imron Nasution

Nanostructure of Crystal Hydroxyapatite from Fluorosis: Affected Enamel

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:5] [Pages No:321 - 325]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1106  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Aims and objectives

To describe the change of surface structure, c-axis, a-axis and grain size of crystal hydroxyapatite on fluorosis enamel.

Materials and methods

This research was carried out the fluorosis and normal enamel specimen by using scanning electron microscopy/ energy disperse X-ray (SEM/EDX) to determine fluor concentration and the surfaces structure of fluorosis enamel, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine change of c- and a-axis of hydroxyapatite of fluorosis enamel.

Results

Fluor concentration were higher in fluorosis enamel and the surface increasingly roughness and porous. SEM/EDX also confirmed gaps areas between enamel rods and visible aprismatic zone in some regions. The axis on fluorosis enamel was a-axis = 9.3786 Å and c-axis = 6.8836 Å. The a-axis on normal enamel was = 9.4148 Å and c-axis = 6.8791 Å. Grain size of fluorosis enamel was 19.59 nm and normal enamel was 20.30 nm.

Conclusion

Fluor as most electronegative element changes the c-axis, a-axis, and grain size of crystal hydroxyapatite and generates the internal atomic bonding which influences the stability of enamel strength.

703

REVIEW ARTICLE

BR Premalatha, Roopa S Rao, Vijaya Mysorekar

Immunofluorescence in Oral Pathology: Part I—Methodology

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:6] [Pages No:326 - 331]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1107  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Immunofluorescence is an immunological method used to demonstrate the presence of antigen and antibodies in tissues or serum. Immunofluorescence techniques have become indispensable in modern pathology laboratories and have greatly contributed to the diagnosis, treatment and understanding of autoimmune bullous diseases, hereditary bullous diseases, collagen-vascular diseases, many inflammatory dermatosis and cutaneous tumors. This review emphasizes the basics of immunofluorescence techniques, methodology, interpretation of the results and the newer advancements in the field.

The application of immunofluorescence techniques in various vesiculobullous disorders will be extensively discussed in the subsequent parts. Part II will deal with the pemphigus group and other dermatological conditions with oral involvement and part III with subepidermal immunobullous diseases.

2,567

REVIEW ARTICLE

Praveen Ramdurg, Sharanappa Kambale, Vijaylaxmi B Mendigeri, Mohammad Fayyaz

When the Unthinkable Happens: Universal Work Precautions and Postexposure Prophylaxis in HIV

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:6] [Pages No:332 - 337]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1108  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with antiretrovirals is now widely used worldwide after either occupational contact (with blood or another blood-containing fluid), or nonoccupational contact (mainly sexual or injection-drug use). It is assumed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by at least 80%, although its efficacy has not been completely proven. Several countries have issued guidelines to help the clinician in their decision to offer PEP and to improve its cost-effectiveness. This article reviews the different antiretroviral combinations used, their safety profile, the recommendations and indications of PEP.

2,969

CASE REPORT

Ramya Raghu, DS Sahana

Management of Horizontal and Multiple Crown-Root Fractures

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:4] [Pages No:338 - 341]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1109  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Traumatic injury to oral cavity with accompanying tooth fracture can be a tragic experience for the patient and is a problem that requires experience, judgment and skill of the dentist. The dental health and appearance marred by an unsightly injury must be restored to normal as soon as possible. Though, root fractures comprise 0.5 to 7% of injuries affecting the permanent dentition, improper and delayed treatment can lead to loss of tooth. This report records a clinical case of intraalveolar horizontal mid root fracture in maxillary right central incisor with subluxation of coronal segment, which was managed endodontically using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), as an apical barrier at the fracture site. Maxillary right lateral and left central incisors affected by oblique crown-root fracture which were restored by custom-cast post and crown. After one year follow-up, the teeth were asymptomatic and showed signs of healing apical to the MTA barrier.

2,354

CASE REPORT

Vinod Kumar, Chaitanya Babu, Geetanshu Dawar

Nonsyndromic Bilateral Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor: A Rare Case

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:4] [Pages No:342 - 345]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1110  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Here, we report a case of keratocystic odontogenic tumor occurring bilaterally in a male patient in fourth decade of life. This case is different from bilateral lesions of keratocystic odontogenic tumor which are most commonly parakeratinized and are associated with syndromes like nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. In our case, we could not find out any syndromic association and furthermore histopathology was in line of orthokeratinization.

2,662

CASE REPORT

V Chandrakala

Restoration of the Severely Resorbed Maxilla and Mandible using the Multicup Denture

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:4] [Pages No:346 - 349]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1111  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

A basic concern of edentulous patients is retention of their dentures. This has led to considerable experimentation and research in efforts to perfect dentures that compensate for the loss of natural teeth. The use of multiple miniature suction cups made from a soft material lining the denture satisfies the requirements of retention and stability. A technique describing the fabrication of a maxillary and mandibular multicup dentures which are more beneficial than conventional complete dentures is discussed below with case report.

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CASE REPORT

Sunil Dutt, Salman Basha

Fiberoptic Intubation as a Boon in Limited Mouth Opening Surgeries

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:3] [Pages No:350 - 352]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1112  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Surgery of temporomandibular joint ankylosis under general anesthesia poses a great challenge to anesthesiologists. This surgery falls in the category of difficult intubation as direct vocal cord visualization is difficult due to an inability to open the mouth. The present case report suggests that the fiberoptic intubation has become an essential skill for anesthetists dealing with patients in whom orotracheal intubation is anatomically difficult.

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CASE REPORT

Sandeep Yadav, Aman Arora

Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Hemimandibulectomy Patient

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:3] [Pages No:353 - 355]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1113  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Rehabilitation of patients with mandibular defect requires a multidisciplinary approach involving a head and neck surgeon, maxillofacial prosthodontist and a reconstructive surgeon. A hemimandibulectomy patient can have many debilitating consequences such as eccentric occlusion, disoriented masticatory cycle, facial disfigurement, distorted speech and salivation problem. The aim of this case report is to describe a technique which combines crown with prosthetic rehabilitation to meet the functional and esthetic requirement of the hemimandibulectomy patients.

3,063

CASE REPORT

Karunakar B Shetty, Deepa Jayashankar

Prosthetic Full Mouth Rehabilitation in a Case of Xerostomia following Radiation Therapy for Carcinoma of Esophagus: A Clinical Case Report

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:4] [Pages No:356 - 359]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1114  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Aim of the study

Complete rehabilitation of a 38-year-old female patient with radiation caries and xerostomia postirradiation therapy for the treatment of carcinoma of esophagus, by a multidisciplinary approach involving specialties of periodontics, endodontics and prosthodontics.

Summary

This 38-year-old female patient presented with missing teeth, ill fitting prosthesis, radiation caries and xerostomia as a consequence of radiation therapy. In addition, the patient was severely psychologically affected not just due to the carcinoma, but also due to the adverse effects of cancer therapy. Therefore, rehabilitation of such a patient was aimed not just at careful oral reconstruction of lost and damaged structures but also towards providing a boost to her self-esteem. The outcome of this multidisciplinary approach led to a completely wellrehabilitated patient, both orally as well as psychologically.

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CASE REPORT

N Sanjay, D Sreedevi, Rekha Patil

Correction of Deep Bite with a Functional Trainer

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:3] [Pages No:360 - 362]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1115  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

In growing patients, the anterior deep bite management could be tricky to correct and retain, if not handled properly and at the correct time. This report shows how the deep bite was managed in a patient by proper diagnosis and with a comprehensive prefabricated appliance, such as the trainer system with more long-term stability.

3,924

CASE REPORT

Girish S Rao, Sudhakara K Reddy

Unicystic Ameloblastoma in 6-Year-Old Child and Its Significance

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:4] [Pages No:363 - 366]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1116  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Ameloblastoma is a true neoplasm of odontogenic epithelial origin. Unicystic ameloblastoma refers to those cystic lesions that show clinical, radiographic or gross features of a mandibular cyst, but on histologic examination show a typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity with or without luminal and/or mural tumor growth. It accounts for 5 to 15% of all intraosseous ameloblastomas. They believed to be less aggressive and respond more favorably to conservative excision than the solid or multicystic ameloblastomas. We report a case of unicystic ameloblastoma of the anterior part of the mandible that was treated by enucleation and use of Cornoy's solution under suspicion of an odontogenic cyst. The nature of the lesion became evident only when the enucleated material was available for histologic examination. With this report, we illustrate the importance and complexity of a differential diagnosis of lesions with a cystic aspect in the anterior region of the mandible, among them are dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocysts, adenomatoid odontogenic and unicystic ameloblastoma.

3,215

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Surbhi Kakar, Anoop Kanase

Dentin Bonding Agents I: Complete Classification—A Review

[Year:2011] [Month:October-December] [Volume:2] [Number:4] [Pages:4] [Pages No:367 - 370]

   DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1117  |  Open Access |  How to cite  | 

Abstract

Traditional mechanical methods of retaining restorative materials have been replaced to a large extent by tooth conserving adhesive restorative techniques. Bonding techniques allow more conservative tooth preparation. Less reliance on macromechanical retention and less removal of unsupported enamel because adhesives have been evolving, so rapidly for the last few years, as the timing is right for evaluating the clinical status of present day adhesives. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise, comprehensive and updated classification of dentin bonding agents. Current products are highlighted to improve clinical use and performance of the materials.

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