Sarode SC, Anand R, Sarode GS, Patil S. Somatic Mutation Theory/Tissue Organization Field Theory: Has the Premise been Wrong All along? World J Dent 2016;7(4):167-168.

Since bonding to zirconia is still questionable, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) to different materials used to manufacture dental cores, employing a universal self-etching adhesive system.

Cylinders obtained from blocks of Y-TZP Zirconia were sintered in a high-temperature oven. The surfaces to be bonded were blasted with aluminum oxide, then silica-coated aluminum oxide, and finally cleaned in ultrasonic bath. The specimens were divided into six groups according to the core material tested: Silver alloy (Ag/Sn/Cu, Tecnofix), copper alloy (Cu/Ni/Zn, Goldent LA), core buildup resin (Rebilda DC — VOCO), Y-TZP zirconia (IPS e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar Vivandent), enamel, and dentin. The zirconia cylinders were bonded to the core substrates using the Futurabond U adhesive system (VOCO) and resinous cement (Bifix QM — VOCO). The specimens were shear tested in a universal testing machine at 1 mm/ min. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test.

Bond strength in MPa (±SD) for the different materials tested were dentin: (12.80 ± 3.18)a; enamel: (15.13 ± 3.09) ab; resin: (17.20 ± 4.67)ab; copper alloy: (18.93 ± 4.66)bc; silver alloy: (22.86 ± 5.47)c; and zirconia: (23.65 ± 3.64)c. Groups followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05.

The metallic alloys and zirconia core materials showed significantly higher bond strength than those obtained directly on dentin. The core buildup resin bond strength to zirconia is similar to that obtained with enamel and dentin.

Frattes FC, de Oliveira JBS, Pucci CR, Borges AB, Torres CRG. Bond Strength of Zirconia to Different Core Materials. World J Dent 2016;7(4):169-174.

Air pollution in cities has always been a permanent and serious threat for the health of society and the environment, influencing the health of different body organs and systems both acutely and chronically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of air pollution in saliva Interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in children.

A total of 88, 8- to 10-year-old children were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Group I, the case group, included 44 children from Tabriz (Iranian Azerbaijan), and group II, the control group, included 44 children from Kalibar Town (of Tabriz). Both groups in this study had a similar economic status. Following sampling and selection of individuals, for measuring the levels of saliva IL-8, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method was used. To investigate the difference between the means of the groups, independent t test or its nonparametric equivalent, i.e., Man—Whitney test and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21 were used. In this study, p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results of this study indicate a significant difference in the levels of saliva IL-8 between the two groups, where the mean level of saliva IL-8 is greater in children residing in the region with higher air pollution level than in the children dwelling in the region with a greater air pollution level (p = 0.001).

The results obtained from this study indicated that the level of saliva IL-8 increases in regions with air pollution, potentially causing several mouth problems in children.

Mehrbani SP, Babaloo Z, Jamali Z, Abdollahian T, Eslami H, Sobhani N. Effect of Air Pollution on Salivary Interleukin-8 Levels in Children. World J Dent 2016;7(4):175-178.

Lingual foramen is usually located in the midline, leveled with or superior to the genial tubercles. The success of implant placements is dependent on the radiological examination, which helps the clinician to determine the parameters of implant placement by revealing the structures like the course of the nerves, location of foramens, height and shape of alveolar bone, etc. The present study was done to assess the appearance, visibility, location, and types of lingual foramen in the mandibular region.

A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 116 patients who attended the department for various imaging purposes. The examinations were carried out using the Promax three-dimensional (3D) CBCT unit. The cross-sectional images were examined to detect the presence, number, and position of the lingual foramen. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for comparison of categorical data.

We observed lingual foramen in 116 patients and their number ranged from 1 to 3. When comparing the position, it was observed that lingual foramen was located at approximately two-thirds (60th percentile from the alveolar crest) distance from the alveolar crest to lower border of the mandible and there was no significant difference in various age groups or between both genders.

Lingual foramen transmits neurovascular bundles to surrounding structures, hence any damage to the lingual foramen during surgical procedures can result in hemorrhage and/or neurosensory disturbances. It is therefore mandatory for a dentist to be aware of the structures present in the anterior mandible when considering any surgical procedures or implant planning. Hence, CBCT plays a pivotal role during implant planning and surgical procedures in dentistry.

Denny CE, Natarajan S, Ahmed J, Binnal A, Jindal R. Anatomic Variation in Lingual Foramen: A Cone beam Computed Tomography Study. World J Dent 2016;7(4):179-181.

Pain in dentistry is a common problem which dentists think about it. Controlling the pain in dentistry is crucial. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen are used worldwide for suppressing pain and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of preoperative ibuprofen and acetaminophen therapy on orthodontic pain with a different method.

Samples were divided into two groups: Group I (they received placebo in first level, acetaminophen at second level, and ibuprofen at third level), group II (they received placebo in first level, ibuprofen at second level, and acetaminophen at third level). All drugs were administered single dose before treatment and the researcher put 1 month gap between levels. After using each drugs in each level, the amount of pain was measured by using a questionnaire based on several activities (chewing, in time of contacting teeth, and noncontacting) with visual analog scale (VAS) in multiple times.

Placebo, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen have significant effect on suppressing pain before starting treatment, during chewing, in time of contacting teeth, and noncontacting (p = 0.000). Although the pain process in this study was ascendant, ibuprofen and acetaminophen were unable to reduce pain significantly in comparison to placebo.

Pain process was ascendant and the mentioned drugs were unable to reduce the pain by passing time. We could not reduce the pain process gradient by this drug dose. So, by increasing the dose, we wish to reduce orthodontic pain

Moradinejad M, Jafari S, Kazemi P, Jafari F. Effect of Preoperative Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen on Orthodontic Pain. World J Dent 2016;7(4):182-185.

The incidence of oral mucosal lesions is increasing day by day due to adverse oral habits and emerging infections. Hence, a novel attempt is made to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities in patients visiting dental department of ESIC Hospital and Medical College, KK Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

A retrospective study was designed to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities in ESIC Hospital and Medical College, KK Nagar, Chennai. A total of 2315 patients were assessed between May 2014 and October 2014 to find the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities.

The prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities was found to be 13.31%. The most prevalent oral mucosal abnormalities were smoker's palate, frictional keratosis, aphthous ulcers, oral submucous fibrosis, and traumatic ulcers.

Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities is very significant because early detection and prompt treatment of the same would help in reducing the morbidity and enhancing the patients’ quality of life.

Vijayabala GS, Mohanavalli S, Gunasekar C, Janagarathinam VA, Kumar SS, Kumar UR. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Abnormalities in Dental Patients in Tamil Nadu. World J Dent 2016;7(4):186-188.

Despite the well-known presence of carcinogens in tobacco smoke, results in the scientific literature linking smoking habits to micronuclei frequency are rather controversial.

The study was conducted to compare and evaluate the frequency of micronuclei in chronic smokers and nonsmokers in relation to habit history, personal history, and other related factors like occupation, exposure to radiation, etc.

A total of 50 randomly selected male subjects were included in the study. Case and control groups (smokers and nonsmokers respectively) comprised 25 subjects each (mean age in controls = 38.24 ± 2.7; mean age in smokers = 39.32 ± 3.8).

There was a significant relation between tobacco consumption and frequency of micronucleated cells (p = 0.05) and between radiation exposure and presence of micronuclei (p = 0.05) in controls and subjects. Within the smokers group, left cheek scrapings showed higher count (p = 0.05; significant) for the micronucleated cells as compared with right cheek scrapings.

In this study, an attempt was made to estimate the cytogenetic damage in oral mucosa in people habituated to smoking beedi. Though tobacco plays an important role in micronuclei generation, other factors like ionizing radiation and personal habits also contribute to micronuclei frequency. Site of smear, sample size, nuclear specific stain usage are some of the contributing factors. In addition, cytogenetic alterations like karyolysis, pyknosis, etc., can be included in future studies to increase the specificity.

Sarpal RS, Taneja N, Shergill NK, Ravindra SV. Biomonitoring of Buccal Mucosa Cells in Chronic Smokers and Nonsmokers. World J Dent 2016;7(4):189-194.

Yarramaneni V, Aparna IN, Sachdeva A, Balakrishnan D, Prabhu N. Emerging Antibacterial Coated Dental Implants: A Preventive Measure for Peri-implantitis. World J Dent 2016;7(4):195-198.

Dua D, Dua A, Patil AC. Endodontic Management of a Maxillary Lateral Incisor fused with Supernumerary Tooth using Spiral Computed Tomography as Diagnostic Aid. World J Dent 2016;7(4):199-202.

Pavithra V, Nambiar S, Augustine D, Sowmya SV, Kumar KV, Prasad K, Rao RS. Oral Tuberculosis with Advanced Diagnostic Trends. World J Dent 2016;7(4):203-207.

Rajeev V, Arunachalam R. Innovative Replication and Recuperation of Complex Torus Palatinus: A Prosthodontic Case Report. World J Dent 2016;7(4):208-212.

Srivastava R, Siddiqui ZR, Jhingran R, Bains VK. Double Papilla Graft with Amnion Membrane for Root Coverage of Isolated Recession. World J Dent 2016;7(4):213-216.

Nanjannawar GS, Gadodia RB, Kamat SB, Chopade R. Esthetic Correction of Rotated Maxillary Central Incisor by Conservative Approach. World J Dent 2016;7(4):217-220.