Refractory diabetic macular edema
by Boral Subhendu Kumar

Retina & Vitreous Surgery: A Practical Guide to Theory, Practice and Management

by Subhendu Kumar Boral, Suber S Huang
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This video demonstrates refractory diabetic macular edema. They are diffuse diabetic macular oedema caused by excessive breakdown of both inner and outer blood retinal barriers and refractory to previous anti-VEGF and laser photocoagulation treatment. Its multifactorial origin and final role of surgery is to remove invisible tractions by both vitrectomy and ILM peeling to decrease macular thickness.

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